<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">isplta</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия Санкт-Петербургской лесотехнической академии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestia Sankt-Peterburgskoj lesotehniceskoj akademii</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-4304</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5871</issn><publisher><publisher-name>СПбГЛТУ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21266/2079-4304.2025.255.277-291</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">isplta-605</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ И ОБОРУДОВАНИЕ ЛЕСОЗАГОТОВОК</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TECHNOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT OF LOGGING INDUSTRIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Моделирование объёма вороха волочения порубочных остатков, формируемого лесными граблями</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modeling the volume of a heap of logging residue drag formed by a forest rake</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-4595</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гнусов</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gnusov</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гнусов Максим Александрович – руководитель лаборатории лесного машиностроения Инжинирингового центра, доктор технических наук, доцент</p><p>394087, ул. Тимирязева, д. 8, г. Воронеж</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gnusov Maksim A. – DSc (Technical), Head of the Laboratory of Forestry Engineering of the Engineering Center, Associate Professor</p><p>394087, Timiryazev str. 8. Voronezh</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mgnusov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4114-4636</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Платонов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Platonov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Платонов Алексей Александрович – доцент кафедры механизации лесного хозяйства и проектирования машин, кандидат технических наук, доцент</p><p>394087, ул. Тимирязева, д. 8, г. Воронеж</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Platonov Aleksey A. – PhD (Technical), Associate Professor of Department of Forestry Mechanization and Machinery Design, Associate Professor</p><p>394087, Timiryazev str. 8. Voronezh</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">paa7@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2128-2687</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дручинин</surname><given-names>Д. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Druchinin</surname><given-names>D. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дручинин Денис Юрьевич – заведующий кафедрой механизации лесного хозяйства и проектирования машин, кандидат технических наук, доцент</p><p>394087, ул. Тимирязева, д. 8, г. Воронеж</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Druchinin Denis Yu. – PhD (Technical), Head of Department of Forestry Mechanization and Machinery Design, Associate Professor</p><p>394087, Timiryazev str. 8. Voronezh</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">druchinin.denis@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Воронежский государственный лесотехнический университет имени Г.Ф. Морозова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>255</issue><fpage>277</fpage><lpage>291</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гнусов М.А., Платонов А.А., Дручинин Д.Ю., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гнусов М.А., Платонов А.А., Дручинин Д.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gnusov M.A., Platonov A.A., Druchinin D.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://izvestiya-lta.spbftu.ru/jour/article/view/605">https://izvestiya-lta.spbftu.ru/jour/article/view/605</self-uri><abstract><p>Технологическая операция сбора или сгребания порубочных остатков, входящая в состав целого ряда технологических процессов выполнения работ по заготовке древесины или целенаправленного удаления нежелательной древесно-кустарниковой растительности, должна выполняться специализированными техническими средствами под общим названием «лесные грабли». Актуальность исследования определяется отсутствием современных научных работ, оценивающих такой ключевой момент достижения оптимальной производительности лесных грабель, как выявление объёма формируемого ими вороха порубочных остатков. Целью исследования является разработка математической модели формирования объёма вороха порубочных остатков с целью повышения эффективности их сгребания лесными граблями. Объект исследования представлял собой лесные грабли с ломаным профилем зубьев постоянного сечения поверхности и наличием предохранительных устройств, закрепляющиеся на переднюю (преимущественно) или заднюю навеску трактора типа Belarus-82.1. Выявлено, что конструктивные параметры лесных грабель ломаного профиля зубьев (а именно: ширина и высота грабель, длины и углы наклона верхней и нижней частей зуба), параметры сгребаемых лесными граблями порубочных остатков (наибольший размер по длине или размаху веток, угол внутреннего трения, размеры валиков сгребаемой биомассы по обеим сторонам лесных грабель) оказывают непосредственное влияние на взаимодействие лесных грабель с порубочными остатками, формируя объём вороха волочения. Показано, что эффективность сгребания порубочных остатков лесными граблями во многом зависит от производительности их работы, зависящей при этом от комплекса влияющих факторов, связанных с состояниями удаляемой (сгребаемой) и остающейся (на очищаемой территории) растительности, типом почвы и рельефом местности, степенью загрязнения указанной территории. По результатам данной работы авторами предложено на основе многофакторной оптимизации конструктивных параметров принятых в исследование лесных грабель выявить оптимальные величины производительности их работы, что позволит повысить эффективность сгребания лесными граблями формирующихся порубочных остатков.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>To collect or rake logging residues during timber harvesting or targeted removal of unwanted trees and shrubs, the technological process provides for a corresponding technological operation, which must be performed by specialized technical means under their common name «forest rakes». The relevance of the study is determined by the lack of modern scientific works evaluating such a key moment of achieving optimal productivity of forest rakes as identifying the volume of the logging residue pile formed by them. The purpose of the study is to develop a mathematical model for the formation of the volume of the logging residue pile in order to increase the efficiency of their raking by forest rakes. The object of the study was a forest rake with a broken profile of teeth of constant surface cross-section and the presence of safety devices, fixed to the front (mainly) or rear hitch of a Belarus-82.1 tractor. It has been revealed that the design parameters of forest rakes with a broken tooth profile (namely: the width and height of the rake, the lengths and angles of inclination of the upper and lower parts of the tooth), the parameters of logging residues raked by forest rakes (the largest size along the length or span of branches, the angle of internal friction, the sizes of the rollers of raked biomass on both sides of the forest rake) have a direct effect on the interaction of the forest rake with logging residues, forming the volume of the drag heap. It has been shown that the efficiency of raking logging residues by forest rakes largely depends on the productivity of their work, which depends on a set of influencing factors associated with the state of the removed (raked) and remaining (on the cleared territory) vegetation, the type of soil and terrain, the degree of pollution of the said territory. In order to increase the efficiency of raking forest rakes of logging residues, the authors of the study, based on the results of this work, proposed to identify the optimal values of their performance based on multifactor optimization of the design parameters of the forest rakes adopted in the study.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>порубочные остатки</kwd><kwd>сгребание</kwd><kwd>лесные грабли</kwd><kwd>моделирование</kwd><kwd>конструктивные параметры</kwd><kwd>ворох волочения</kwd><kwd>производительность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>logging residues</kwd><kwd>raking</kwd><kwd>forest rakes</kwd><kwd>modeling</kwd><kwd>design parameters</kwd><kwd>drag pile</kwd><kwd>productivity</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда №25-19-00876</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маганов И.А., Тихонов Е.А., Петруша С.В., Трушевский П.В., Морковин В.А., Куницкая О.А. Исследование энергетического баланса лесных терминалов, функционирующих на биотопливных источниках энергии // Лесотехнический журнал. 2024. № 14(3). С. 5-22. DOI: 10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2024.3/1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dickens D., Morris L., Clabo D., Ogden L. Pine Straw Raking and Growth of Southern Pine: Review and Recommendations. Forests, 2020, vol. 11, art. no. 799. DOI: 10.3390/f11080799.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Платонов А.А. Грабли лесные: назначение, область применения, классификация // Лесной вестник. Forestry Bulletin. 2023. № 27(6). С. 139-150. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-6-139-150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elliot W., Rhee H. Impacts of Forest Biomass Operations on Forest Hydrologic and Soil Erosion Processes. Trees, Forests and People, 2022, vol. 7, art. no. 100186. DOI: 100186.10.1016/j.tfp.2021.100186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рябухин П.Б., Куницкая О.А., Григорьева О.И. Обоснование технологических процессов и систем машин для лесосечных работ // ИВУЗ. Лесной журнал. 2023. № 2(392). С. 88-105. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-2-88-105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fernandez-Lacruz R., Edlund M., Bergström D., Lindroos O. Productivity and profitability of harvesting overgrown roadside verges – a Swedish case study. International Journal of Forest Engineering, 2020, vol. 32, рр. 1-10. DOI: 10.1080/14942119.2020.1822664.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трушевский П.В., Должиков И.С., Григорьев И.В., Григорьева О.И., Ревяко С.И., Баранов А.Н. Определение доступного запаса порубочных остатков на лесосеке после сплошной рубки по скандинавской технологии // Resources and Technology. 2024. № 21(3). С. 57-74. DOI: 10.15393/j2.art.2024.7863.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fokin S., Shportko O., Druchinin D. On shredding of wood raw materials with knives of different designs. BIO Web of Conferences, 2024, vol. 145, art. no. 03012. DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/202414503012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dickens D., Morris L., Clabo D., Ogden L. Pine Straw Raking and Growth of Southern Pine: Review and Recommendations // Forests. 2020. Vol. 11. Art. no. 799. DOI: 10.3390/f11080799.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garren A., Bolding M., Barrett S., Aust W.M., Coates T.A. Characteristics of forest biomass harvesting operations and markets in Virginia. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2022, vol. 163, art. no. 106501. DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2022.106501.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elliot W., Rhee H. Impacts of Forest Biomass Operations on Forest Hydrologic and Soil Erosion Processes // Trees, Forests and People. 2022. Vol. 7. Art. no. 100186. DOI: 100186.10.1016/j.tfp.2021.100186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kunickaya O., Zyryanov M., Medvedev S., Mokhriev A., Spiridonova A., Perfiliev P., Teppoev A. Efficient Technologies for Harvesting and Reutilizing Logging Residues in Russia: A Sustainable Forestry Approach. Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems, 2024, vol. 11, рр. 745-753. DOI: 10.18280/mmep.110319.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fernandez-Lacruz R., Edlund M., Bergström D., Lindroos O. Productivity and profitability of harvesting overgrown roadside verges – a Swedish case study // International Journal of Forest Engineering. 2020. Vol. 32. P. 1–10. DOI: 10.1080/14942119.2020.1822664.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kühmaier M., Grünberg J. The Relevance of Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Timber Harvesting from the Perspective of Different Stakeholders. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 2025, vol. 44, рр. 1-21. DOI: 10.1080/10549811.2025.2513229.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fokin S., Shportko O., Druchinin D. On shredding of wood raw materials with knives of different designs // BIO Web of Conferences. 2024. Vol. 145. Art. no. 03012. DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/202414503012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laitila J., Väätäinen K. Productivity of harvesting and clearing of brushwood alongside forest roads. Silva Fennica, 2020, vol. 54, iss. 5, art. no. 21. DOI: 10.14214/sf.10379.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garren A., Bolding M., Barrett S., Aust W.M., Coates T.A. Characteristics of for-est biomass harvesting operations and markets in Virginia // Biomass and Bioenergy. 2022. Vol. 163. Art. no. 106501. DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2022.106501.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laitila J., Väätäinen K. Productivity and cost of harvesting overgrowth brushwood from roadsides and field edges. International Journal of Forest Engineering, 2021, vol. 32, iss. 2, pp. 140–154. DOI: 10.1080/14942119.2021.1903790.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kunickaya O., Zyryanov M., Medvedev S., Mokhriev A., Spiridonova A., Perfiliev P., Teppoev A. Efficient Technologies for Harvesting and Reutilizing Logging Residues in Russia: A Sustainable Forestry Approach // Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems. 2024. Vol. 11. P. 745-753. DOI: 10.18280/mmep.110319.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Louis L.T., Daigneault A., Kizha A.R. Constraints and opportunities in harvesting woody biomass: perspectives of foresters and loggers in the Northeastern United States. International Journal of Forest Engineering, 2024, vol. 35, рр. 1–16. DOI: 10.1080/14942119.2023.2299158.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kühmaier M., Grünberg J. The Relevance of Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Timber Harvesting from the Perspective of Different Stakeholders. Journal of Sustainable // Forestry. 2025. Vol. 44. P. 1-21. DOI: 10.1080/10549811.2025.2513229.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Louis L.T., Kizha A.R., Daigneault A., Han H.-S., Weiskittel A. Factors Affecting Operational Cost and Productivity of Ground-Based Timber Harvesting Machines: a Meta-analysis. Current Forestry Reports, 2022, vol. 8, pp. 38–54. DOI: 10.1007/s40725-021-00156-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laitila J., Väätäinen K. Productivity of harvesting and clearing of brushwood alongside forest roads // Silva Fennica. 2020. Vol. 54, iss. 5. Art. no. 21. DOI: 10.14214/sf.10379.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maganov I.A., Tikhonov E.A., Petrusha S.V., Trushevsky P.V., Morkovin V.A., Kunickaya O.A. Study of the energy balance of forest terminals operating on biofuel energy sources. Forestry Engineering Journal, 2024, vol. 14, iss. 3, рр. 5-22. DOI: 10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2024.3/1. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laitila J., Väätäinen K. Productivity and cost of harvesting overgrowth brushwood from roadsides and field edges // International Journal of Forest Engineering. 2021. Vol. 32, iss. 2. P. 140-154. DOI: 10.1080/14942119.2021.1903790.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mcgookin C., Charchi N., Mendonça A., Beretta S., Ellis N. Green waste, an untapped energy source? Reviewing the prospect of green waste as a biomass energy source. Cleaner Waste Systems, 2025, vol. 11, art. no. 100273. DOI: 10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100273.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Louis L.T., Daigneault A., Kizha A.R. Constraints and opportunities in harvesting woody biomass: perspectives of foresters and loggers in the Northeastern United States // International Journal of Forest Engineering. 2024. Vol. 35. P. 1-16. DOI: 10.1080/14942119.2023.2299158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morais G.F. de, Santos J.d.S.G., Han D., Filho L.O.R., Xavier M.G.B., Schimidt L., de Souza H.D., de Castro F.T., de Souza-Esquerdo V.F., Albiero D. Agricultural Machinery Adequacy for Handling the Mombaça Grass Biomass in Agroforestry Systems. Agriculture, 2023, vol. 13, art. no. 1416. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13071416.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Louis L.T., Kizha A.R., Daigneault A., Han H.-S., Weiskittel A. Factors Affecting Operational Cost and Productivity of Ground-Based Timber Harvesting Machines: a Meta-analysis // Current Forestry Reports. 2022. Vol. 8. P. 38-54. DOI: 10.1007/s40725-021-00156-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nilsson D., Grönlund Ö. Productivity and cost of harvesting roadside brushwood and small trees in Sweden: a simulation study. International Journal of Forest Engineering, 2024, vol. 35, iss. 1, pр. 1-14. DOI: 10.1080/14942119.2024.2336686.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mcgookin C., Charchi N., Mendonça A., Beretta S., Ellis N. Green waste, an untapped energy source? Reviewing the prospect of green waste as a biomass energy source // Cleaner Waste Systems. 2025. Vol. 11. Art. no. 100273. DOI: 10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100273.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Platonov A.A. Forest rakes: purpose, scope, classification. Forestry Bulletin, 2023, vol. 27, iss. 6, pp. 139-150. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-6-139-150. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morais G.F. de, Santos J.d.S.G., Han D., Filho L.O.R., Xavier M.G.B., Schimidt L., de Souza H.D., de Castro F.T., de Souza-Esquerdo V.F., Albiero D. Agricultural Machinery Adequacy for Handling the Mombaça Grass Biomass in Agroforestry Systems // Agriculture. 2023, Vol. 13. Art. no. 1416. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13071416.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryabukhin P.B., Kunitskaya O.A., Grigorieva O.I. Justification of technological processes and machine systems for logging operations. IVUZ. Forestry journal, 2023, vol. 2 (392), рр. 88-105. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-2-88-105. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nilsson D., Grönlund Ö. Productivity and cost of harvesting roadside brushwood and small trees in Sweden: a simulation study // International Journal of Forest Engineering. 2024. Vol. 35, iss. 1. P. 1-14. DOI: 10.1080/14942119.2024.2336686.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trushevsky P.V., Dolzhikov I.S., Grigoriev I.V., Grigorieva O.I., Revyako S.I., Baranov A.N. Determination of the available stock of logging residues in the felling area after clear-cutting using Scandinavian technology. Resources and Technology, 2024, vol. 21, iss. 3, рр. 57-74. DOI: 10.15393/j2.art.2024.7863. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoshimura T., Suzuki Y., Sato N. Application of System Dynamics Simulation to Assess System Productivity of Forest Harvesting Systems: A Case Study from Japan // Forests. 2025. Vol. 16, iss. 5. Art. no. 734. DOI: 10.3390/f16050734.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoshimura T., Suzuki Y., Sato N. Application of System Dynamics Simulation to Assess System Productivity of Forest Harvesting Systems: A Case Study from Japan. Forests, 2025, vol. 16, iss. 5, art. no. 734. DOI: 10.3390/f16050734.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
