ispltaИзвестия Санкт-Петербургской лесотехнической академииIzvestia Sankt-Peterburgskoj lesotehniceskoj akademii2079-43042658-5871СПбГЛТУ10.21266/2079-4304.2026.259.422-459isplta-796Research ArticleХИМИЧЕСКАЯ ПЕРЕРАБОТКА ДРЕВЕСИНЫ. БИОТЕХНОЛОГИЯCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY OF WOOD. BIO TECHNOLOGYДостижения и проблемы химии лигнина (обзор)Achievements and problems of lignin chemistryЕвстегнеевЭ. И.EvstigneyevE. I.

ЕВСТИГНЕЕВ Эдуард Иванович – профессор кафедры технологии химической переработки биомассы дерева, доктор химических наук

194021, Институтский пер., д. 5, Санкт-Петербург

EVSTIGNEYEV Eduard I. – DSc (Chemical), Professor, Department of Technology of Chemical Processing of Wood Biomass

194021. Institutе per. 5. St. Petersburg

edward_evst@mail.ruСанкт-Петербургский государственный лесотехнический университет имени С.М. КироваРоссияSt.Petersburg State Forest Technical UniversityRussian Federation2026240820261259422459Copyright © Евстегнеев Э.И., 20262026Евстегнеев Э.И.Evstigneyev E.I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://izvestiya-lta.spbftu.ru/jour/article/view/796

В обзоре рассмотрено современное состояние вопросов биохимии, химии, строения и валоризации второго на Земле после целлюлозы биополимера – лигнина. Отмечается эволюция взглядов на формирование макромолекул этого полимера. Как оказалось, биосинтез монолигнолов очень пластичен, что позволяет растениям заменять монолигнолы, когда функционирование одного или нескольких генов нарушено, так что состав и количество лигнина часто одновременно изменяются. Помимо канонических монолигнолов (кониферилового, синапового и кумарового спиртов), в биосинтезе лигнина могут участвовать и другие соединения. В клетке ведется тщательный контроль за подачей монолигнолов и условиями полимеризации, однако этот контроль не следует путать с контролем сборки полимера лигнина. Приводятся наиболее перспективные направления валоризации технических лигнинов: гидрогели лигнина, использование лигнина в медицине и фармакологии, 3D-печать, углеродные волокна, биотопливо и биоуголь, наноматериалы из лигнина, композиционные материалы и производные лигнина, углеродные квантовые точки, реагент для буровых растворов, синтез лигнофенолоформальдегидных смол. В заключение рассмотрены экономические проблемы валоризации лигнина.

This review examines the current state of the biochemistry, chemistry, structure, and valorization of lignin, the second most abundant biopolymer on Earth after cellulose. The evolution of views on the formation of this polymer's macromolecules is noted. As it turns out, monolignols are highly flexible in their biosynthesis, allowing plants to replace monolignols when the functioning of one or more genes is disrupted, so the composition and quantity of lignin often change simultaneously. In addition to the canonical monolignols (coniferyl, sinapic, and coumaric alcohols), other compounds can participate in lignin biosynthesis. The supply of monolignols and polymerization conditions are carefully controlled within the cell, but this control should not be confused with the control of lignin polymer assembly. The most promising areas for the valorization of technical lignins are presented: lignin hydrogels, the use of lignin in medicine and pharmacology, 3D printing, carbon fibers, biofuels and biochar, lignin nanomaterials, composite materials and lignin derivatives, carbon quantum dots, a reagent for drilling fluids, and the synthesis of lignophenol-formaldehyde resins. In conclusion, the economic problems of lignin valorization are considered.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.