Analysis of Molecular Genetic Mechanisms of Birch and Oak Resistance to Water and Nitrogen Deficiency

The article presents a review of the literature about molecular and genetic mechanisms of birch and oak resistance to water and nitrogen deficiency. Analysis of the transcriptome activity of genes that respond to abiotic stresses makes it possible to carry out targeted selection for the purpose of effective reforestation, as well as the creation of forest plantations. The molecular genetic response to drought has been more studied in woody plants than nitrogen deficiency. Compared to Betula sp., the early response of Quercus sp. to drought is less intense and is expressed in the suppression of metabolic activity and activation of growth maintenance systems after stress. With prolonged exposure to drought, intensive сell wall remodeling is observed, associated with the biosynthesis of cellulose and lignin. Active processes of neutralization of reactive oxygen species and biosynthesis of antioxidants are observed. During the early response of Betula sp. drought, a high level of expression of genes associated with a decrease in water loss is observed. Drought protection also includes control of stomatal closure and activation of genes associated with the response to osmotic stress. Among candidate genes for response to drought in oak species, transcription factors, heat shock proteins, transporter proteins, etc. were identified. Based on the results of an analytical review of the literature, a list of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in birch and oak in response to drought was compiled. If the molecular genetic mechanisms of drought resistance in woody plants have been studied to a sufficient extent, many candidate genes involved in the stress response have been identified and can be further recommended for targeted breeding, then the issue of adaptation of woody plants to nitrogen deficiency is poorly studied and seems to be very relevant for further research.

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