Distribution of mixed coniferous stands in the Luzhsko-Volkhovsky landscape district

Mixed woodlands with a predominance of pine and spruce occupy territory with optimal forest-growing conditions, unlike monodominant plantations. Conditionally clean woodlands are in most cases shortened to extreme habitat conditions or due to the creation of forest crops. Among mixed woodlands with a predominance of conifers, unambiguously only coniferous-deciduous, namely spruce-deciduous woodlands, are associated with anthropogenic effects on the geographical landscape. In each individual landscape, an excellent distribution of the types of coniferous plantations along the covered area will be formed, depending on soil and hydrological conditions. The assessment of the spatial distribution of mixed coniferous trees in different types of forest allows to give an accurate ecological characteristic and assessment of the landscape and to assess its anthropogenic variation. The article considers the distribution features of mixed woodlands with a predominance of pine and spruce in the most represented types of forest in the main landscapes of the Luga-Volkhov landscape district of the Leningrad region. An analysis of landscapes was carried out on the distribution of forest-covered area according to soil-hydrological conditions and the main generalized groups of forest types. The presence of a complex of hilly-moraine, stone, oze tracts alternating with swampy basins and lakes in almost all the landscapes considered allows us to conclude that the confluence of mixed coniferous woodlands is associated with the factor of the transition forms of relief from one landscape group to another. The typological confluence of coniferous polydominant woodlands is natural for a green-haired series of forest types of this landscape district.

1. Blagovidov N.L. Soils of the Leningrad Region. L., 1946. 144 p. (In Russ.)

2. Gromtsev A.N. Landscape ecology of taiga forests: theoretical and applied aspects. Petrozavodsk, 2000. 144 p. (In Russ.)

3. Gromtsev A.N. Fundamentals of landscape ecology of European taiga forests of Russia. KarNTS RAS, Petrozavodsk, 2008. 238 p. (In Russ.)

4. Danilov D.A. Peculiarities of the formation of mixed wood stands and spruce and their influence on the commercial structure and density of wood: dissertation... Doctor of Agricultural Sciences. St. Petersburg GLTU named after S.M. Kirov. St. Petersburg, 2016. 406 p. (In Russ.)

5. Demakov Yu.P., Krasnov V.G, Isaev A.V. The structure and natural style of the development of woodlands with the participation of oak in the forests of the Republic of Mari El. Bulletin of PSTU. Series: Forest. Ecology. Environmental management, 2016, no. 2 (30), pp. 45–59. (In Russ.)

6. Demakov Yu.P., Isaev A.V., Chernykh V.L. Ecological-resource potential of woodlands of the Middle Volga region. Bulletin of PSTU. Series: Forest. Ecology. Environmental management, 2014, no. 4 (24), pp. 5–17. (In Russ.)

7. Isachenko A.G., Dashkevich Z.V., Karnaukhova E.V. Physical and geographical zoning of the North-West of the USSR. JI., 1965. 248 p. (In Russ.)

8. Isachenko A.G. Landscapes of the USSR. L., 1985. 320 p. (In Russ.)

9. Isachenko A.G. Landscape Zoning and Typology of Landshafts of the Les Ningrad Region. General Principles of Forest Management and Land Cultivation Strategy on a Landscape-Typological Basis. St. Petersburg: Research Institute of Forestry, 1994, pp. 11–25. (In Russ.)

10. Isachenko A.G. Landscape types of forest habitats: op-determination, classification, mapping, characterization. Works of SpbNIILHA. Sustainable forest management and evaluation criteria during the transition to a market economy, 1998, pp. 161–183. (In Russ.)

11. Kireev D.M. Indication method of forest study. Izvestia Sankt-Peterburgskoj Lesotehniceskoj Akademii, 2012, is. 198, pp. 40–47. (In Russ.)

12. Krankina O.N. Chopping program for care in pine-spruce plantations of the southern taiga: diss. edging. agricultural sciences L., 1986. 250 p. (In Russ.)

13. Forestry regulations of the Leningrad region. Website of the Committee on Natural Resources of the Leningrad Region. URL: http://www.nature.lenobl.ru (In Russ.)

14. Logvinov I.V. Fundamentals of the organization of forestry in pine-spruce plantations of the Leningrad Region: Diss.... Cand. s.-x. sciences. Le Ningrad, LTA, 1954. 312 p. (In Russ.)

15. Mashovets V.I. Zubkov A.I., Durov A.G. Atlas of the Leningrad Region. - Moscow: GUiK under the USSR Council of Ministers, 1967. P. 82. (In Russ.)

16. Mirkin B.N., Naumov L.G. The modern state of the main concepts of vegetation science. Ufa: AN RB, Gil, 2012. 488 p. (In Russ.)

17. Magarran E. Ecological diversity and its dimension. M.: World, 1992. 184 p. (In Russ.)

18. Nitsenko A.A. Spruce forests of the Leningrad Region. Vestnik I LIE. It is gray. Biology,1960a, no. 9, is. 2, pp. 5–16. (In Russ.)

19. Nitsenko A.A. Pine forests of the Leningrad Region. Vestnik I LIE. It is gray. Biology, 1960b, no. 21, is. 2, pp. 22–32. (In Russ.)

20. Neustadt M.I. History of forests and paleogeography of the USSR in the Holocene. M.: Science, 1957. 220 p. (In Russ.)

21. Nesterova L.A. Yurenkov G.I. Zonal-provincial especially-styles of the evolution of landscapes of the east of the Leningrad region and neighboring territories. Collective monograph on the materials of the international seminar. St. Petersburg, 2002, pp. 87–99. (In Russ.)

22. Odum Yu. Fundamentals of ecology. M., 1975. 742 p. (In Russ.)

23. Protasov A.A. Biodiversity and its assessment. Conceptual di-versionology. Kiev, 2002. 105 p. (In Russ.)

24. Puzachenko Yu.G., Dyakonov K.N., Aleshchenko G.M. Landscape diversity and methods of its measurement. Geography and monitoring of biodiversity. M.: Publishing House, 2002, pp. 76–78. (In Russ.)

25. Romanyuk B.D. Planning for sustainable forest management on a land-step basis. Works of SPbNIILHA. Sustainable forest management and evaluation criteria during the transition to a market economy, 1998, pp. 86–94. (In Russ.)

26. Stolyarov D.P., Brunevsky Yu. I., Romanyuk B. D. Features of the structure of the forest fund and the growth of woodlands in the geographical landshaf-there of the Leningrad Region. Works of SpbNIILHA. Environmental considerations and impacts of forestry activities, 1992, pp. 3–9. (In Russ.)

27. Sukachev V.N., Zonn S.V. and Motovilov G.P. Methodological guidelines for the study of forest types. M.: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1957. P. 116. (In Russ.)

28. Chertov O.G. Ecology of forest lands (soil-ecological study of forest habitats). L: Science, 1981. 192 p. (In Russ.)

29. Fedorchuk I.N., Neshataev V. Yu., Kuznetsova M. L. Forest ecosystems of the northwestern regions of Russia: Typology, dynamics, economic features. St. Petersburg, 2005. 382 p. (In Russ.)

30. Shvetsov A.M., Shvetsov S.M. Dimensional and ontogenetic structure of the cenopopulations of woody plants in the suramen of the Mari Volga region. All-Russian Research Institute of Informatization ag-ronomy and Ecology (Nemchinovka-1). AGROECOINTO, 2011, no. 1, pp. 10–21. (In Russ.)

31. Shirokova V.A., Snytko V.A., Nizovtsev V.A., Frolova N.L., Dmitruk N.G., Chesnov V.M., Ozerova N.A., Shirokov R.S. Tikhvin water system: retrospective and modernity. Hydrological and ecological situation and landscape changes in the waterway area. M.: Akkolit LLC, 2013. 376 p. (In Russ.)

32. Dobrovolsky A.A., Kireev D.M., Lebedev P.A., Nguen C.T., Sergeeva V.L. Landscape and environmental properties of the European Russian wood species. In the collection: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IV scientifictechnical conference "FORESTS OF RUSSIA: POLICY, INDUS-TRY, SCIENCE AND EDUCATION". 2019. 012056 pp.

33. MacArthur R.H. Fluctuations of animal populations, and measure of community stability. Ecology, 1955, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 353–356.

34. Margalef R. Information theory in biology. Trans. Soc. Gen. Syst. Res., 1958, vol. 3, pp. 36–71.