Metals content in plant biomass and plant-based materials

The assessment of plant biomass for the content of metals-ecotoxicants in trees of the urban environment (birch, aspen, apple) and the biomass of cereal crops and pulp (technical cellulose) from it was carried out. As the biomass of cereal crops, the following were studied: buckwheat hulls, oat straw (Chelyabinsk region, 2018); fruit husks and rice straw (Krasnodar Territory, 2019). The determination of the metal content was carried out by the titrimetric method, optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) methods with inductively coupled plasma. The oxidativeorganosolvent method of delignification was used. It has been established that the surface of the leaves of trees located along the roads sorbs lead compounds with an excess of the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) by 1.1–2.6 times; Cu compounds – by 6.8– 14.2 times; for zinc the concentration is below the MAC values. During hot extraction of leaf biomass, it was established that the excess of the content of soluble lead compounds is 2.6–2.7 times of the MAC, for zinc compounds – concentrations is below the MAC values. No accumulation of copper compounds was detected. During delignification of non-woody plant raw materials, due to the accumulation effect, the compounds of Fe, Zn, Pb, Sr, As, Cr, Cd are most susceptible to concentration. The greatest amount of pollutants is contained in buckwheat hulls, as well as in pulp from them; during delignification of rice hulls the concentration for all pollutants was decreasing. A higher content of heavy metals, both in the biomass of cereals and in pulp from it, was observed in the plants of the Chelyabinsk region, compared with the Krasnodar Territory; Mineral components and metals are more effectively removed from raw materials with an initially high ash content (fruit shells and rice straw). Apparently, most of the heavy metals are located in the mineral component, and not in the cell wall. Cellulose-containing materials obtained from fruit shells and straw of cereal crops should not be recommended for food use without additional research.

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