Wood density of pine and spruce in stands on old-fallow and forest lands in the Leningrad Region

Soils, which are out of agricultural use, have a high potential for the formation of productive coniferous forest plantations. It is necessary to validate which stands will be more effective not only in terms of timber volume, but also in terms of quality  increasing its density. In this regard, we conducted a study of the influence of the stand composition in mature stands with the predominance of pine and spruce on the indicators of their wood density. The question was considered under different conditions of local growth  on old-fallow lands and on forest soils. A series of sites with different participation of the main forest-forming species was identified, where taxation data and wood samples were collected. Then, after conducting an analysis of the basic wood density, the resulting volume of data was processed by means of mathematical statistics. Transition from sample wood density to trunk wood density was carried out using conversion equations. The analysis showed that on forest soils, the variability of coniferous wood density by stages of stand thickness is less than on old-fallow soils, which is due to the smaller length of the diameter classes range representation of both spruce and pine in these plantations. The indicators of wood density in stands on forest soils in the spruce part of the stand is generally lower than in the pine part on all study sites, regardless of the share of participation of the species. For stands on former old-fallow land, the opposite trend is generally observed. Analysis of variance showed that for the spruce part of the stands on post-agrogenic lands, the share of its participation in the composition significantly affects the wood density, and for the pine there was no statistically significant difference between the experimental sites. Thus, on post-agrogenic lands, pine, regardless of stand composition, forms a more homogeneous wood density than the spruce part, but smaller in value than on forest soils. For stands of pine and spruce growing on forest soils, analysis of variance showed a significant dependence of wood density on stand composition for both pine and spruce. On old-fallow lands, more favorable growing conditions neutralize the influence of the spruce forest element on the pine part of the stand, but lead to the formation of wood with lower density compared to stands on forest soils.

1. Aparin B.F. Geographical bases of rational use of soils (on two-member rocks) / ed. by I.V. Ignatenko. Leningrad, 1992. 190 p. (In Russ.)

2. Bondarenko A.S., Zhigunov A.V. Statistical processing of forestry research materials: textbook. St. Petersburg: Polytechnical University Press, 2016. 125 p. (In Russ.)

3. Chertov O.G. Ecology of forest lands (soil-ecological study of forest habitats). Leningrad: Nauka, 1981. 192 p. (In Russ.)

4. Chertovsky V.G. Spruce forests of the European part of the USSR. Moscow, 1978. 176 p. (In Russ.)

5. Danilov D.A. Characteristics of the formation of mixed stands, commodity structure and density of pine and spruce timber: Doc. in Agricultural Sciences. St. Petersburg, 2017. 407 p. (In Russ.)

6. Danilov D., Belyaeva N., Janusz S. Structure of mature mixed pine-and-spruce stands on postagrogenic lands in Leningrad region, Russia. Research for Rural Development, 2018, vol. 1, рр. 131–137. DOI: 10.22616/rrd.24.2018.020.

7. Danilov D.A. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of spruce and pine timber in plantation crops in North-West Russia. Conservation of forest ecosystems: Proceedings of the II International Scientific and Practical Conference. Kirov: Vyatka State University. 2019. P. 74–78. (In Russ.)

8. Danise T., Andriuzzi W.S., Battipaglia G., et al. Mixed-Species Plantation Effects on Soil Biological and Chemical Quality and Tree Growth of A Former Agricultural Land. Forests, 2021, vol. 12(842), pp. 1–17. DOI: 10.3390/f12070842.

9. Daugaviete M., Lazdina D., Bambe B., Bardule A., Bardulis A., Daugavietis U. Productivity of different tree species in plantations and agricultural soils and related environmental impacts. Baltic Forestry, 2015, vol. 21(2), pp. 349–359.

10. Drössler L., & Övergaard R., Ekö P.M., Gemmel P., Böhlenius H. Early development of pure and mixed tree species plantations in Snogeholm, southern Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 2015, vol. 30, pp. 1–13. DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2015.1005127.

11. Filippov G.V., Pirogov N.A. The process of growth of stands unaffected by economic impact. Proceedings of the St. Petersburg Research Institute of Agriculture, 2001. vol. 1 (5). 32 p. (In Russ.)

12. Golubeva L.V., Nakvasina E.N. Afforestation of post-agrogenic lands in carbonate sediments of the Arkhangelsk region by wooden plants. Izvestia Sankt-Peterburgskoj Lesotehniceskoj Akademii, 2015, iss. 210, pp. 25–36. (In Russ.)

13. Golubeva L.V., Nakvasina E.N., Minin N.S. Productivity and wood quality of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in post-agrogenic plantations. Izvestia Sankt-Peterburgskoj Lesotehniceskoj Akademii, 2016, iss. 215, pp. 19–29. DOI: 10.21266/2079-4304.2016.215.19-29. (In Russ.)

14. Gornov A.V., Ruchinskaya E.V. Features of forest formation on abandoned floodplain agricultural lands. Scientific bases of sustainable forest management: Proceedings of the All-Russian scientific-practical conference. Moscow: CEPL RAS, 2014, pp. 57–58. (In Russ.)

15. Goryainova I.N., Leonova N.B., Feodoritov V.M. Processes of overgrowing of agricultural lands in the middle taiga of the Arkhangelsk Region. Bulletin of Moscow University, 2012, no. 3, pp. 41–47. (In Russ.)

16. Johansson, T. Site index curves for Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) karst.) planted on abandoned farm land. New Forests, 1996, vol. 11, pp. 9–29. (In Russ.)

17. Lesiv M., Schepaschenko D., Moltchanova E. et al. Spatial distribution of arable and abandoned land across former Soviet Union countries. Scientific Data, 2018, 5(1): 180056. DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.56.

18. Lohov D.V. Forest valuation and quality indicators of the wood of pine crops on fallow lands. Environmental problems of the North. Interuniversity collection of scientific works, 2011, vol. 14, pp. 73–76. (In Russ.)

19. Luri D.I., Goryachkin S.V., Karavaeva N.A., Denisenko E.A., Nefedova T.G. Dynamics of agricultural lands in Russia in the XX century. Postagrogenic recovery of vegetation and soils. M.: GEOS, 2010. 416 p. (In Russ.)

20. Melekhov V.I., Antonov A.M., Lokhov D.V. Forestry potential of unused agricultural lands. Bulletin of Pomorsky University. Series: Natural Sciences, 2011, no. 3, pp. 62–66. (In Russ.)

21. Minin N.S., Seriy V.S. Anatomical structure and wood density of pine forests that form on the land out of agricultural use. Problems of forest science and forestry: Proceedings of the All-Russian Conference of the fourth Melekhov scientific readings dedicated to the 105th anniversary of I.S. Melekhov. Arkhangelsk: ASTU, 2010, pp. 77–80. (In Russ.)

22. Moshkalev A.G., Davidov G.M., Yanovsky L.N., Moiseev V.S., Stolyarov D.P., Burnevsky Y.I. Lesotaxation Handbook for the North-West of the USSR. L.: Forestry Academy, 1984. 320 p. (In Russ.)

23. Naumov V.D., Polyakov A.N. Taxation and forestry assessment of pine-spruce forests and soil conditions of their growth. Proceedings of the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 1999, vol. 4, pp. 80–95. (In Russ.)

24. Pestryakov V.K., Rozhnova T.A., Pantyukhin A.I. et al. Soils of the Leningrad Oblast. L.: Lenizdat, 1973. 344 p. (In Russ.)

25. Poluboyarinov O.I. Density of wood. M.: Forest Industry, 1976. 160 p. (In Russ.)

26. Poluboyarinov O.I. Wood quality of plantation-type pine cultures in the North-West of the European part of the USSR. Forestry, forestry crops and soil science: interuniversity collection of scientific papers. L.: FTA, 1991, pp. 89–95. (In Russ.)

27. Sennov S.N. Forest care (Environmental Basics). M.: Forest industry, 1984. 128 p. (In Russ.)

28. Shutov I.V., Zhigunov A.V. Problems of obtaining wood raw materials on unused agricultural land. Bulletin of the Volga State Technological University. Series «Forest. Ecology. Nature Management», 2013, vol. 4(20), рр. 5–17. (In Russ.)

29. Sitzia T., Trentanovi G., Dainese M., Gobbo G., Lingua E., Sommacal M. Stand structure and plant species diversity in managed and abandoned silver fir mature woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management, 2012, vol. 70, рр. 232–238. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.01.032.

30. Stepanenko S.M., Danilov D.A. Structure and density of spruce and pine wood in plantations of the Leningrad Region. Izvestia Sankt-Peterburgskoj Lesotehniceskoj Akademii, 2014, iss. 204, pp. 35–46. (In Russ.)

31. Tomczak A., Jelonek T. Radial variation in the wood properties of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) grown on former agricultural soil. Forest Research Papers, 2013, vol. 74(2), pp. 171–177. DOI: 10.2478/frp-2013-0017.

32. Tsarenko V.P., Danilov D.A., Smirnov A.P. Productivity and wood quality of mixed spruce-pine stands on soils of two-member structure. Proceedings of St. Petersburg State Agrarian University, 2014, no. 36, pp. 55–59. (In Russ.)

33. Usoltsev V.A., Tsepordei I.S. Qualimetry of phytomass of forest trees: density and dry matter content: a monograph. Yekaterinburg: USFTU, 2020. 179 p. (In Russ.)

34. Vetrov L.S., Vavilov S.V., Nikiforchin I.V. Forest taxation: guidelines for educational practice for bachelor training in the direction 35.03.01 «Forestry Engineering». St. Petersburg: SPbFTU, 2014. 58 p. (In Russ.)

35. Vikhrov V.E., Lobasenok A.K. Technical properties of wood in connection with types of wood. Minsk: Publishing house of the Ministry of Higher, Secondary Special and Professional Education, 1963. 72 p. (In Russ.)

36. Wall A., Hytönen J. Soil fertility of afforested arable land compared to continuously. Plant and Soil, 2005, vol. 275(1), рр. 247–260. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-005-1869-4.

37. Yanush S.Y., Danilov D.A. Wood density of spruce and pine in the post-agrogenic lands of the Northwest region of Russia. Structure, properties and quality of wood 2018: Proc. VI International Symposium named after B.N. Ugolyov. Novosibirsk: Publishing house of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences., 2018, рр. 229–231. (In Russ.)

38. Yanush S.Y., Danilov D.A. Taxation and commodity structure of pine and spruce stands on old-fallow and forest soils in the Leningrad region. Proceedings of the St. Petersburg Research Institute of Forestry, 2020, no. 4, pp. 54–64.

39. Zalesov S.V., Magasumova A.G., Yurovskikh E.V. Overgrowing of former agricultural lands in Sloboda-Turansky district of Sverdlovsk region. Forests of Russia and management in them, 2010, vol. 1 (35). 86 p. (In Russ.)

40. Zaytsev D.A., Danilov D.A., Navalihin S.V. Wood density of pine and spruce stands according to trees diameter distribution after thinning. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2019, vol. 226(1), pp. 1–7. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/226/1/012065.

41. Zeidler A., Vlastimil B., Schunfelder O. Comparison of Wood Quality of Douglas Fir and Spruce from Afforested Agricultural Land andPermanent Forest Land in the Czech Republic. Forests, 2018, vol. 9(1), pp. 1–12. DOI: 10.3390/f9010013.