Influence of tree density and crown closure on the species composition of raw materials in pine forests

The results of long-term studies on the abundance of raw materials plants are presented. The species composition and abundance of plants of resource value were studied in the pine forests of the Leningrad Region. The pine forests are characterized by a mixed composition of the stands. The average age of the pine forests is 70–140 years. The relative completeness of the stands is 0,6–0,8. The density of the stands is 548–782 specimens/ha. Under the canopy of tree stands, there is an undergrowth of pine and birch. The total number of undergrowth is 410–880 individuals per hectare. The undergrowth is represented by common juniper, common rowan, and common buckthorn. The total number of undergrowth does not exceed 570 individuals per hectare. The frequency of occurrence and the projective cover of each species in the living ground cover were determined on 10 m² plots. On each experimental plot, 30 to 48 counting plots were laid depending on the size of the experimental plot. It was found that the species composition and abundance depend on the characteristics of the phytocenosis and the growing conditions. The total number of species in the living ground cover is more than 50. The moss-lichen layer includes 4–6 species of lichens, 5 species of green mosses, 3 species of sphagnums, and cuckoo moss. It has been shown that 19 species of raw plant materials are suitable for industrial harvesting. The occurrence of such plants is at least 30%, the projective cover is from 5% and higher. In the blueberry pine forest and the grassy-marsh pine forest the maximum number of species in the living ground cover was identified, with 37 and 41 species, respectively. Of these, 33 species are raw materials in the blueberry pine forest and 36 species are raw materials in the grassy-marsh pine forest. Medicinal and technical plants predominate under the canopy of pine forests. The minimum number of species with raw material value is found in the lichen pine forest, which contains only 6 species. All groups of raw material plants in terms of their economic purpose are represented. The living ground cover includes 12 species of honey plants, 16 species of medicinal plants, 4 species of berry plants, 4 species of salad plants, 9 species of technical plants, and 6 species of forage plants. Many species of raw materials plants are poly-resource species.

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