Review of studies on the extraction of pectin and by-products from non-wood parts of coniferous trees

The special characteristics of conifers determine the complexity of their study and their great importance from various points of view. Conifers are generally considered to be one of the most difficult lignocellulosic raw materials for the extraction of biologically active substances suitable for fermentation, primarily due to the nature and amount of lignin. In terms of chemical composition, conifers contain a large number of valuable biologically active substances: pectin, pine wax, anthocyanidin dye. Pectin protects cells from oxidative stress, promotes rejuvenation and strengthens the immune system; pine wax is a promising component for the cosmetic industry, possessing antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and moisturizing properties; anthocyanidin dye is widely used in the food industry, especially in the production of beverages, confectionery and dairy products, due to its naturalness, bright color and antioxidant activity. The paper presents the results of studies on the extraction of pectin and byproducts from the needles and bark of pine, spruce and larch growing in the Russian Federation and Europe, and a comparative analysis with the quality indicators of pectins from the peel, kernels and cake of apples, beet cake and lemon peel. It has been established that pectin from Scots pine wood greenery is characterized by the highest value of the complexing capacity indicator and the number of carboxyl groups, and has a low degree of esterification compared to fruit and berry pectins. According to the results of an analytical study on the extraction of pectin and by-products from non-woody parts of conifers, it was revealed that: various types of acids are used as the main extractants, such as nitric, hydrochloric, orthophosphoric, sulfuric, citric and an aqueous solution of ammonium oxalate; to assess the quality of the extraction of substances, various analytical methods and analysis techniques using modern equipment are proposed (to determine the degree of esterification – potentiometric titration, to study the sorption capacity of pectin – the method of reverse complexometric titration, etc.); there are no optimal technologies developed in industry. In this regard, the development of new technologies for the extraction of pectin and by-products from non-woody parts of coniferous trees is relevant.

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