Scots pine is one of the main forest-forming species in Europe, and its wood is widely used in the timber industry. When evaluating carbon-depositing functions, the conversion rations are assumed to be constant over time. Recent studies show that the ongoing climatic changes have a significant impact on the growth of trees and wood properties. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify long-term trends in the change in the biomass of Scots pine tree fractions in Europe since 1940. To test the hypothesis about the influence of the calendar year on the biomass of tree fractions, regression analysis was performed using linear mixed-effect models. The performed statistically analysis made it possible to reveal a significant effect (p < 0.05) of the calendar year only on the biomass of the trunks in the bark. The changes are most pronounced for trees in young and middle-aged stands, where the formation of the greatest radial growth occurs. For large-sized trunks, according to the simulation results, the biomass of the stems in the bark is not traced. In the coming decades, as a result of ongoing climate change, the decline in biomass and wood density of largesized stems should intensify. The revealed changes in biomass are accompanied by a decrease in wood density, which occurs as a result of an increase in the structure of the annual growth of looser and less dense early wood. Thus, in the context of accelerating growth rates of woody plants, the volume of trunks and wood stock should not be directly converted into deposited carbon, considering the historical values of conversion rations. This should also be considered when monitoring, modeling and using carbon and biomass in forests in the face of global change.

Forest pollution strongly affects their biological productivity, but the contribution of the generative sphere to it is rarely studied. Our study of the biomass of generative organs of trees and stands of Scots pine and drooping birch was performed during one growing season in the pollution gradient from the Karabash copper smelting plant in the southern Urals. It is stated the maximum biomass of generative organs of pine and birch at the level of both a tree and a stand, falls on the buffer part of the pollution gradient, in which the tree stand, according to the phenomenon of hysteresis, passes from one stable state to another one, and the same buffer zone accounts for the maximum variability of the biomass of generative organs. The resulting pattern, common to the two species, indicates an increased adaptive response of trees and stands to pollution in the buffer zone in terms of the mass of the generative sphere and one can suppose it reflects the well known phenomenon of hormesis in biology. This assumption requires in-depth studies of the impact of pollution on the generative sphere of forest communities.

The results of study of spatial and age structure of pine on slash-cutover and cutover of young growth of pine of cowberry-shrub pine forest of the Trans-Urals region are considered. It has been shown that the undergrowth of pine on slash-cutover in comparison with cutting differs by a significantly smaller diameter at the middle of the trunk height, but differs by a significantly higher growth rate in height. The relative height of the undergrowth on the slash-cutover was 31.5–37.3% higher than that of the undergrowth on the cutover. This is due to the significantly higher density of undergrowth on slash-cutover compared to cutover. It has been established that most of the resumption as pine on both slash-cutover and cutover was concentrated in the areas adjacent to three sides of the forest. With a decrease in sources of insemination (adjoining two sides of the forest), the density of undergrowth decreased markedly. In turn, in open areas on slash-cutover and cutover, the number of undergrowth was the smallest. The young growth of pine is characterized by a regular (random) with a transition to a scattered (uniform) type of placement on the slash-cutovers. In cutovers, the main placement type is group. On slash-cutovers, the main part of the trees belonged to the resumption, which appeared for 2–3 years after fires and subsequent felling. The resumption, which appeared both for the next year and for 4–5 years after the removal of the woodland, was insignificant. For 6-year after the fire and felling, the resumption completely ceased. On cutovers, the main part of the trees belonged to the resumption, which appeared for 4–5 years after felling. However, although to a much lesser extent, the resumption of pine on the cutovers, took place in subsequent years. The pattern of change in the age structure of undergrowth for cut-offs is well approximated by the polynomial equation of the 4th order, and on the cut-offs of the 5th order.

The aim of the study is to reveal the features of the subsequent reforestation of conifers on the logging of Karelia in connection with the competition of live native cover, hardwood, undergrowth. In terms of the number of wood and shrub plants on almost all cuttings the first three places are occupied by birch, aspen and undergrowth, and birch quantitatively predominates. The undergrowth is mostly represented by a ripple. The success of the subsequent resumption of pine and spruce on the cuttings of the south-west of Karelia is associated with competition for light and soil resources with herbs (grains), hardwoods and undergrowth. The growth of competing vegetation, primarily birch trees, occurs especially actively in drained habitats with relatively fertile soils (types of woodlands, fresh blueberries and cranberries). According to the original types of forest and the composition of the tree, determining the effective fertility of the soil, it is possible to confidently predict the success of the subsequent natural reforestation of the main rocks on the cuttings. However, in the vast majority of the Karelia forest, the amount of conifers that have followed the resumption is insufficient to form coniferous trees without additional forest activities. In the absence of a pargn of pine and ate pre-resumption sufficient for natural reforestation the amount of adulterous breed is inherent in the following original types of forest: pine white -ness (pine), spruce cranberries moist (spruce; pine), spruce fresh (spruce together with pine). On the cutting of other original types of forest, a combination or artificial reforestation is required, with the logging of care in young people.

Mixed woodlands with a predominance of pine and spruce occupy territory with optimal forest-growing conditions, unlike monodominant plantations. Conditionally clean woodlands are in most cases shortened to extreme habitat conditions or due to the creation of forest crops. Among mixed woodlands with a predominance of conifers, unambiguously only coniferous-deciduous, namely spruce-deciduous woodlands, are associated with anthropogenic effects on the geographical landscape. In each individual landscape, an excellent distribution of the types of coniferous plantations along the covered area will be formed, depending on soil and hydrological conditions. The assessment of the spatial distribution of mixed coniferous trees in different types of forest allows to give an accurate ecological characteristic and assessment of the landscape and to assess its anthropogenic variation. The article considers the distribution features of mixed woodlands with a predominance of pine and spruce in the most represented types of forest in the main landscapes of the Luga-Volkhov landscape district of the Leningrad region. An analysis of landscapes was carried out on the distribution of forest-covered area according to soil-hydrological conditions and the main generalized groups of forest types. The presence of a complex of hilly-moraine, stone, oze tracts alternating with swampy basins and lakes in almost all the landscapes considered allows us to conclude that the confluence of mixed coniferous woodlands is associated with the factor of the transition forms of relief from one landscape group to another. The typological confluence of coniferous polydominant woodlands is natural for a green-haired series of forest types of this landscape district.

The article is devoted to the current problem of forming the stability of Park stands growing on soils with different physical and chemical properties. The characteristic agrochemical properties of the soils of the Park «Tikhiy Otdykh» of St. Petersburg are given. For each agrochemical indicator of the soil, thematic maps were developed using modern geographical information systems (GIS) at a scale of 1:10000 using the AutoCAD software package. Using this complex, the areas of land with different physical and chemical properties of the soil are calculated. At present, this problem of urban garden and Park objects is poorly studied and requires further research. These results presented in the article are devoted to this topic.

The study of the diversity of protected flora in the Nam Dong Nature Reserve (North Vietnam) was carried out as part of the study of the territory's flora in 2015–2019. The study was carried out on 7 profiles, laid down from the lowest heights to the highest point of the studied territory, in such a way that it would cover the maximum possible number of habitats on the slopes of different exposures. Floristic studies have made it possible to clarify the composition of rare and protected plant species of the territory that have international or national conservation status. Such plants in the reserve include 88 species (6.71% of all local flora) belonging to 51 families (28.33% of 180 flora families). Protected species belong to 3 divisions of vascular plants: Polypodiophyta – 5 species (5.68%), Pinophyta – 10 (11.36%), Magnoliophyta – 73 (82.95%). Of these, 57 species are listed in the IUCN (IUCN), including EN (endangered) – 7 (7.95%), VU (vulnerable) – 11 (12.50%), NT (near-threatened) – 7 (7.95%), LC (least concern) – 32 (36.36%), DD (requiring additional research) – 2 (2.27%); 43 species are protected in accordance with the Red Book of Vietnam (2007), including EN – 11 (12.50%), VU – 32 (36.36%); 18 species – in accordance with the Decree on of the Government on management of endangered, precious and rare forest plants and animals (2006). 37 species included in the IUCN list are not protected in Vietnam. However, 10 species from this list with the status EN, VU, NT, can form a resource base for their reintroduction in the territory where the species have disappeared or are at the stage of complete extinction.

The results of X-ray studies of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. seeds, which are characterized by very deep dormancy, are presented. The experiments were carried out on seeds of different geographic origins: Russia (Kropotkin, North Caucasus) and the Republic of Vietnam (Laitau province). Seeds in the North Caucasus were collected from the surface of the earth in February and therefore underwent natural stratification under the snow cover, while seeds in Laitau province were collected from trees after they matured and stored in a dry, non-stratified state until analysis. The types of identified hidden seed defects are described. The data of individual X-ray characteristics of each investigated seed («parametric passport») are given. Based on the presence of defects, it can be concluded that seeds from the Laityau province should have better sowing qualities compared to seeds from Kropotkin. Differences in the biometric parameters of two-year-old eucommia seedlings of different geographic origin are not significant. However, the germination rate of seeds from Kropotkin is much higher than their Laiteau. This can be explained by the varying degrees of natural readiness of the seeds for sowing. The results of X-ray analysis of stratified seeds of E. ulmoides from Kropotkin coincide with the results of their germination. However, it is not possible to assess the viability of eukomia seeds not subjected to stratification based on the results of determining their good quality by the X-ray method. To obtain the germination of seeds corresponding to the potential of their sowing qualities (according to the performed X-ray analysis) for Eucommia seeds, a long-term (at least 3–4 months) cold stratification is recommended.

The article develops a methodology for the compilation and analysis of hypsometric maps based on the use of geoinformation technologies. It is established that the heights above sea level in the studied area are from 34 to 102 m, there is a gradual general decrease in altitude in the direction from the northwest to the southeast, as well as the flow of most of the rivers flowing here. The statistical analysis of the obtained results, the distribution of areas in the study area height above sea level, it is shown that the areas with altitudes of 60-75 m above sea level is more than 52% of all the studied area. The proposed method of drawing up and analyzing hypsometric maps using digital terrain modeling and GIS technologies can serve as a tool for modern landscape analysis. The method allows you to create a dynamic and visual system for presenting spatial data about landscapes. A number of operations (building horizontals, determining areas, performing statistical calculations, presenting maps) are performed much more efficiently than with traditional «manual» processing. Hypsometric maps provided by GIS, allow you to perform various types of analysis in the study area in conjunction with other spatial data (remote sensing, forest maps, GIS data inventory). Such an analysis can be used to assess the landscape characteristics of the studied territory, identify and clarify natural boundaries, and plan economic activities based on the landscape approach. For example, the reclassification of the hypsometric map layer with different steps (5, 10, 20 m, etc.) allows you to specify the boundaries of landscape facies and tracts. A set of spatial data, including hypsometric maps, can be used to create and present landscape-morphological maps. Landscapemorphological maps are a long-term scientific basis for conducting multidirectional farming and nature management in the studied territory. They can serve as a basis for monitoring the state and use of forests and forest land. On the basis of landscapemorphological maps, it is possible to conduct a continuous assessment and inventory of natural resources: land, air, water, plant and animal populations.

The problem of fully accounting for the control of the size and quality characteristics of wood obtained in the process of logging is one of the main aspects in the conditions of market relations for logging enterprises and is a factor in regulating production costs. The control and measurement system of modern multioperation machines stores information on the size parameters of harvested wood in files with various extensions. Currently, there is no domestic software that would allow you to dynamically analyze the volume of a single tree trunk, there are only software packages that allow you to evaluate the harvested products as a whole. The purpose of the work is to create software for graphical representation and dynamic calculation of the volume of harvested wood by multi-operation forest machines of products, including for operational accounting of the dimensional parameters of wood harvested from any part of the tree trunk. The developed software is written in the Python programming language in PyCharm Community programming environment. The developed software allows you to perform dynamic calculation of the volume of harvested wood by multi-operation forest machines of products, including for operational accounting of the dimensional parameters of wood harvested from any part of the tree trunk, as well as graphically present the results in a convenient form for analysis. Using the developed program will allow you to quickly analyze the size and quality characteristics of harvested wood with the development of corrective technological solutions in the logging processes, which helps to reduce operating costs and the cost of harvesting wood, increase productivity and profit for timber companies from production and economic activities.

Specific rational problems were brought to consideration in order to validate design parameters and characteristics, particularly behavior of brake systems and their components, for gaining maximum performance of forestry vehicles, thereby providing safe operation and maximum output efficiency of the machinery concerned. The experimental study results have been generalized to improve efficiency of transport-processing vehicle brake systems for predicting service life of newly designed brake gears having in consideration innovation engineering concepts subject to the invention. According to the invention “Method of compressed air circulation with air fed to the brake gear friction surfaces during braking and its embodiment”, it is offered to provide air circulation in the wheel brake gear during braking so that air is charged to the brake gear friction surfaces with a brake gear block and drum moving close to each other. Some complex experimental studies were held in order to identify possible positive effects for implementing such technical decision. The experimental study results were analyzed for demonstrating improvement of forestry vehicle brake performance. The heuristic approach was offered for solving the problem generalized in order to improve forestry vehicle brake performance. The first similarity theorem was applied as a working hypothesis. Taking into account the previously offered theories of similarity of brake block behavior when testing on a bench and on a virtual loader, it was possible to predict service life of the brake gear subject to the above technical decision. As a result, the method of service life prediction of newly-designed brake gears having in consideration innovation engineering concepts subject to the invention was provided.

The methodological problem of fast and low-cost selection of antiprenes for fire protection of wood-based panels is being solved. Peeled veneer was impregnated with phosphorus-containing compounds based on HEDPA (diacid) and amidophosphate KM (tribasic acid) at a rate less than required for fire protection. Specimens 800 × 56 mm were tested on a semicircle device under conditions of suppressed combustion due to the increasing heat removal as the combustion edge passed along a semicircle with a radius of 254 mm. The parameters of the test results are analyzed to assess the effectiveness of fire retardants. It is concluded that the method is suitable for the initial assessment of fire retardants and selection for the final and certified fire hazard test.

Сhanges of the Scots pine wood (Pínus sylvéstris) within a single tree trunk caused by its biological destruction made by red belt fungus Fomitopsis pinicola (Schw. ex Fr.) Karst were studied by use of the IR Fourier spectroscopy method. The wood was cut in Syktyvdin region of the Komi Republic. From the trunk about 36 сm in diameter a sample was sawed about 15 cm thick. Three samples were selected for spectra: 1 – light brown non-destructed wood from the centre of the trunk, 2 – dark brown, adjacent to the completely destroyed wood; 3 – from the periphery of the trunk not clearly affected by rot. The research was made by use of spectrometer Prestige-21 produced by Shimadzu company in the field of the wave numbers 4000–400 сm–1 with a resolution of 4 cm–1 (20 scans). Absorption spectra were examined by using a diffusion reflector (DR). It is shown that bio destruction of the wood fiber of pine is reflected on the IR Fourier spectra. Changes are observed in the absorption spectrum that characterize the valence oscillations of hydroxyl, methylene, carbonyl groups, and skeletal oscillations of the aromatic ring. A deep destruction of wood in the centre of the trunk is accompanied by a bathwater drift (1734 сm–1 to 1719 сm–1) and a significant increase in the absorption band of the valence oscillations of carbonyl groups (1719 сm–1), as well as change of the spectra contour of the absorption from ~1719 to ~1100 cm–1. In the spectrum of the disrupted wood, the intensity of the absorption bands in this area decreases, and in the spectra of the samples from the periphery and the center of the trunk that have preserved the morphological structure of the wood increases. There is a significant increase in the absorption band in the disrupted wood 1601 сm–1, that becomes bigger than, band intensity maximum 1508 сm–1, that is not typical for the IR spectrum of healthy coniferous wood, in which the ratio of the intensity of these absorption bands is the opposite.

The work investigated the characteristics and properties that affect the operational capabilities of charcoal briquettes used for hookah smoking. A comparative analysis of charcoal briquettes from coconut, birch and pine raw materials. The main raw material for the production of hookah briquettes is coconut coal, which is an expensive raw material. The paper proposes to replace coconut coal with birch, which is economically feasible. To obtain coal samples, pyrolysis of coconut, birch and pine was carried out. The obtained samples were further investigated by the TGA and DTG methods, moisture, ash, and non-volatile carbon content were determined. A study simulating the working condition of the briquette was carried out, which made it possible to determine the most important characteristics of the charcoal briquette used for hookah smoking. It is revealed that the main operational characteristics are: the smell and durability of the briquette in working condition, the nature of the destruction under intense exposure to air. The influence of the following factors on the quality of briquettes was determined: raw materials for coal, fractional composition of coal, type of binder, amount of binder, pressing pressure. The obtained birch charcoal briquettes are not inferior to coconut briquettes in a number of characteristics, which allows to reduce the cost of producing charcoal briquettes when using birch raw materials instead of coconut. The prospect of using birch coal as a substitute for coconut coal is revealed, and a formula for obtaining the final product is also proposed.

The main direction of the development of economic is harmonization of technological and ecological solutions with the introduction of the best available technologies as stated by the Federal law “On environmental protection” and legislative acts of the Russian Federation. The production of cellulose, paper, and cardboard is one of the most water-consuming industries and due to the formation of the significant volumes of wastewaters containing various chemical components have a negative impact on the environment. Therefore, the aim of the creating of a system of the effective ecological and analytical control of wastewaters’ quality at all stages of technological production; their purification and release into natural waters remains the most in demand and urgent. In the present article the principles of creation of the system in-house control of an integrated pulp and paper mill producing the cardboard based on the generalized indicators of local effluents’ quality. The specific features of the formation and characterization of the composition of wastewaters from cellulose sulfate production with the joint evaporation of the “black” and “red” liquors.

The assessment of plant biomass for the content of metals-ecotoxicants in trees of the urban environment (birch, aspen, apple) and the biomass of cereal crops and pulp (technical cellulose) from it was carried out. As the biomass of cereal crops, the following were studied: buckwheat hulls, oat straw (Chelyabinsk region, 2018); fruit husks and rice straw (Krasnodar Territory, 2019). The determination of the metal content was carried out by the titrimetric method, optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) methods with inductively coupled plasma. The oxidativeorganosolvent method of delignification was used. It has been established that the surface of the leaves of trees located along the roads sorbs lead compounds with an excess of the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) by 1.1–2.6 times; Cu compounds – by 6.8– 14.2 times; for zinc the concentration is below the MAC values. During hot extraction of leaf biomass, it was established that the excess of the content of soluble lead compounds is 2.6–2.7 times of the MAC, for zinc compounds – concentrations is below the MAC values. No accumulation of copper compounds was detected. During delignification of non-woody plant raw materials, due to the accumulation effect, the compounds of Fe, Zn, Pb, Sr, As, Cr, Cd are most susceptible to concentration. The greatest amount of pollutants is contained in buckwheat hulls, as well as in pulp from them; during delignification of rice hulls the concentration for all pollutants was decreasing. A higher content of heavy metals, both in the biomass of cereals and in pulp from it, was observed in the plants of the Chelyabinsk region, compared with the Krasnodar Territory; Mineral components and metals are more effectively removed from raw materials with an initially high ash content (fruit shells and rice straw). Apparently, most of the heavy metals are located in the mineral component, and not in the cell wall. Cellulose-containing materials obtained from fruit shells and straw of cereal crops should not be recommended for food use without additional research.

The influence of small additions of tin and lead on the kinetic parameters of isothermal bulk crystallization of glasses based on As₂Se₃. The kinetics of mainly surface crystallization of As₂Se₃ glass used in electronic engineering and fiber IR optics has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and microscopy. The influence of the supercooling value ΔT on the mechanism and kinetic parameters of crystallization of As₂Se₃ glass is not sufficiently studied, The theoretical analysis of the experimental dependences of the linear growth rate of As₂Se₃ crystals on the temperature and viscosity of the As₂Se₃ glass has been performed. In the temperature range 240–345 °С (overcooling 135°–30°), a dislocation mechanism has appeared to be probable for the linear growth of spherulites and the surface crystallized layer in the bulk As₂Se₃ glass. For individual crystals with dislocation-free faces in As₂Se₃ spherulites, the lamellar (plate-like) growth mechanism with surface two dimensional nucleation (2Dsg model) appeared to be probable. The linear growth rate in glass As₂Se₃ at 240–345°C can be theoretically calculated, if we introduce the probability factor f (ТΔT) to the Turnball–Cohen formula of the growth on the steps of screw dislocations and assume the free activation energy for the crystal growth ΔG_a'' (T) to be equal to the kinetic barrier at the viscous flow of the glass ΔGη # (T) in the Heiring equation.