The structure of intellectual capital, including human capital, purchasing capital and structural capital, is considered and compared with the concept of intellectual property adopted in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Their importance is given in relation to increasing the level of production of wood-based products, creating new types of wood boards for specific applications. The rights of consumers in connection with compensation for damage caused by developers and manufacturers are given. The multidimensional concept of a slab development strategy is revealed and the directions in which it is expected to achieve economic success in improving the wood-slab sub-industry are given.

Digital technologies are actively developing and are becoming more and more deeply embedded both in human life everywhere and in various areas of economic activity, such as engineering, agriculture and forestry. The process of training highly qualified personnel for forestry is impossible without practical training, which should be carried out directly in forest facilities. As a base for practical training of forestry specialists in the times of the Soviet Union, forestry training and experimental forestry farms were used at forestry universities. In Bryansk State University of Engineering and Technology as such an object Training and Experimental Forestry is used, which was opened on the basis of Experimental Forestry, created on January 23, 1906. After a number of reorganizations in 1932 the territory of the Experimental Forestry was transferred to the Bryansk Forestry Institute, which in 1933 was renamed to the Bryansk Forestry Institute. The most prominent scientists and foresters worked in the Bryansk experimental forestry: G.F. Morozov, M.M. Orlov, I.V. Tyurin, V.P. Timofeev, A.V. Tyurin and others. The experimental forestry department of the Bryansk Forestry Institute has always been used as a base for practical training of students in forestry, as well as scientific research in the field of conducting main logging in various ways: gradual logging, group-selective logging, Wagner logging, continuous cutting with the leaving of testes, 10-fathom wide cutting in the direction from north to south and from east to west. west and conventional cutting areas of 25-fathom width in the direction of cutting from east to west. The area of the forestry has been constantly expanding and now stands at 10074 hectares. In modern conditions, when state institutions, in accordance with the current Forest code, cannot use forests, and tenants of the forest fund are not allowed to conduct research and apply experimental methods in the field of forest management, only educational and experimental forestry enterprises remain an island of practical forestry science, where new technologies and methods of conducting forestry activities are tested in practice.

Natural reforestation is one of the most important conditions for the conservation of mountain forests. Self-restoration of forest ecosystems with economically valuable species is one of the most important tasks of mankind. The purpose of the work is to assess the state of reforestation of mountain forests of the Mostovsky district of the Krasnodar Territory, to determine the dependence of the number of undergrowth on the number of trees in forest ecosystems. The research was conducted according to generally accepted methods and recommendations. The paper considers the state of mountain forest communities. Some of their taxational characteristics are given. The sanitary condition of the plantings is analyzed. A comprehensive assessment of the potential of the renewal process in forest ecosystems is given. A composition formula similar to that of the plantations was used to assess reforestation. It was found that the preservation of the composition of tree species is more characteristically visible at the first sample plot in oak-hornbeam forest. The correlation dependence of the number of trees on the number of undergrowth per 1 ha for this variant is described by the regression equation y=10.648x-381.02, with a coefficient of determination R² =0.86, which corresponds to a close relationship. In the variants located in the floodplain forests of the Khodz and Kizinchi rivers, the dependence for the considered indicators was not revealed. In our opinion, these variants show processes of changing the composition of plantings, which is mainly due to natural succession processes and partly to anthropogenic interference. In the oak-hornbeam forest, the formula of the composition of the undergrowth is similar to the formula of the composition of the plantation. In this case, the probability of restoring plantings with valuable tree species is very high while maintaining undergrowth.

The results of the assessment of the genetic diversity of Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) in provenance trial plantation on the territory of the Karaulny district Forestry of the Educational and Experimental Forestry of the Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, are presented. The studied Siberian stone pine of different geographical origin (Yartsevskaya, Leninogorsk, Altai and Biryusinsk samples) show a moderate level of genetic diversity. Most of the genetic diversity is accumulated within samples, and interpopulation variability accounts for 2.9%. The analysis of the genetic relationships showed that the studied samples are grouped into two clusters. The first cluster was formed by the Yartsevo and Biryusinsk samples, the second by the Altai and Leninogorsk samples. The results obtained can be used in longterm monitoring of the state of genetic resources of Siberian stone pine in Siberia.

During the growing season of 2025, the species composition of aphids on trees and shrubs, as well as plants of the meadow cenosis of the forest park of the Sablinsky Landmark (Leningrad Region), was monitored. The observations were carried out in the third decade of May, I-II decades of June, I decade of July using visual assessment, as well as mowing with an entomological net. A total of 27 species have been identified; 14 of them are phytophagous, living on tree species, 7 – on shrubs, 6 – on plants of meadow cenosis. Due to the high temperatures in March, early hatching of the fundatrix female larvae was observed in some species in the region. In May, adult parthenogenetic females appeared, and 10 species were identified. The largest number of insects was recorded in the first half of June. The vast majority of aphid species living on trees are monoecious. Two identified species live on coniferous trees, seven on broad–leaved trees. Such species as Anoecia corni F., Ropalosiphum padi L., Cavariella aegopodii Scop., Aphis fabae Scop., Rhopalosiphum insertum Walk., Brachycaudus helichrysi Kalt. have several host-plants, they are characterized by heteresis. The largest number of individuals was observed in the following species: Euceraphis betulae gr. sp., Macrosiphum rosae L., A. fabae.

Peat bogs, swamps and mires cover about 3% of the world's land area, but they contain twice as much carbon as all the world forests. Drained peat bogs release this accumulated carbon into the atmosphere. However, the impact of peat bogs on forest carbon stocks is a subject of varying interpretations. There are difficulties in accurately accounting of soil carbon balance all aspects. We have made an attempt to assess, at least in the first approximation, the change of the carbon balance under the conditions of experimental long-term drainage of the dwarf-shrub sphagnum Scots pine forest. It is known that the decrease of peat thickness after the construction of canals and the lowering groundwater table consists of the compaction of peat (physical process) and its mineralization (biochemical process). The total peat thickness decrease ranged from 6 to 38 cm in the middle of the inter-channel distances over the entire period after drainage (56 years) in different experimental variants, including from 0 to 20 cm as a result of peat mineralization. The greatest carbon loss occurred 15 to 20 years after drainage, followed by a gradual decrease in the rate of carbon loss, indicating that the process had been stabilized. The estimated time for compensating carbon losses ranged from zero (205 m between channels) to 44-45 years after drainage (45 m between channels). It happens in dependance on the intensity of drainage, the stratigraphy of the peat deposit, and the growth of woody biomass. It has been found that the optimal distances between channels are within 65-130 m for draining a complex-structured peat deposit in order to achieve high efficiency of hydro-reclamation. It allows restoration the positive carbon balance as quickly as possible (20-30 years). An increase in distances of more than 130 m leads to a loss of the forestry effect. A decrease (to 45 m or less) leads to a sharp increase in the cost of building a drainage network, a lack of improvement in the growth of tree stands, and an increase in the time required to compensate the loss of carbon in peat up to 40-50 years after the start of forest drainage. Based on the results of an almost half-century-long experiment, it can be concluded that medium-intensity drainage with a ditch density of 65-130 m in this particular case was environmentally positive in terms of the overall carbon balance, with the productivity of the stands increase from Va to II-III site index. Therefore, the drainage of wet forests and peat bogs, with the necessary and sufficient increase in the productivity of forest stands, can be neutral or even positive in terms of the carbon balance.

The study was conducted in 2021-2025 in northwestern Russia (in the Leningrad and Pskov regions) on the nesting territories of 5 pairs of golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos, where 6 nests were found. An analysis of the transformation of the territory by deforestation within a 5 km radius from the golden eagle nests is provided. The percentage of the area affected by logging, the minimum distances from residential nests to the logging disturbance zones, the size and age of nesting trees are determined. The presence of visual buffer zones in the form of a screen of forest areas, forest islands and ridges between all six golden eagle nests and clearings is established. The legislative basis for the allocation of protective areas in the habitats of rare bird species and restrictions on economic activities in them is discussed. Existing recommendations for the sizes of buffer zones in neighboring countries are provided. Based on the study results, the parameters of buffer zones around the golden eagle nests are proposed with the exclusion of all types of logging throughout the year. Recommendations are given for maintaining the structure of forest plantations in the nesting territory of golden eagles, whereby disturbances by logging over 15 years should not exceed 3% of the total area within a radius of 5 km from the nests. The importance of preserving visual buffer zones to prevent birds from abandoning nests as a result of disturbance is emphasized. It is proposed to preserve the forest edge along the perimeter of swamps, forest islands on them, ridges and capes of forest protruding into the swamp, which will not only preserve the reserve of nesting trees, but also provide a visual buffer zone.

Aleksandrino Park is a unique research object. The park’s territory contains soils that are diverse in their morphological characteristics. Soil formation processes are influenced by factors such as climate, relief, flora and fauna, parent material, time, and anthropogenic impact. This study focused on the influence of tree species on soil fertility. The research object was the southern part of Aleksandrino Park. In 2021, ten plots with different plantation compositions were selected. In 2022, seven plots with pure plantations (larch, pine, and oak) were studied. Soil profiles were established on all plots, morphological descriptions were carried out, and laboratory analyses were performed to assess soil fertility. Morphological descriptions in the pure plantations in 2021 revealed three naturally disturbed soils and seven podzolic soils. In 2022, morphological descriptions of the pure plantations identified two naturally disturbed soils and five podzolic soils. Based on the results of agrochemical studies, soil fertility was assessed. The findings indicate that plantation composition affects the following: humus content (well supplied in general); exchangeable acidity (in pure plantations (larch, pine, oak), acidity is slightly lower and closer to neutral); nitrogen content (high nitrogen availability in plots with pure larch plantations). Available potassium is unaffected by plantation composition, with low potassium availability across all plots.

Seed productivity and seed quality determine the survival of the species in the places of its growth. Evaluation of the seed maturity of some species of the genus Larix Mill. growing in the arboretum of the Botanical Garden of the St. Petersburg State Forest Engineering University named after S.M. Kirov is an important indicator of the success of the introduction of these species in the conditions of St. Petersburg. This report is devoted to the study and evaluation of the seed quality of representatives of the genus Larix using a modern X-ray method. It was showing that seeds of different quality forming at different tiers; the percentage of good, mature, viable seeds does not exceed 10-15. This figure could be higher if the seeds were not affecting by the larch wasp Eurytoma laricis.

The most conservative component of the landscape is relief, which can serve as an indicator of the phytocenotic structure, productivity of forest-forming species and reforestation processes. However, the ratio of relief morphometric characteristics and the vegetation cover structure is always nature of vegetation zone and should underlie regional studies of natural systems. On example of the Tunguska State Nature Reserve, an analysis of the structure of the forest cover of intact middle taiga territories was performed using GIS. Statistical evaluation revealed orographic factors capable of determining the dominance of tree and shrub species. For the first time the association of various dominated tree and shrub species plantings with various features relief elements is shown. in the forests of the native middle taiga. Forests dominated by pine, Siberian pine, aspen, spruce and yernik, as well as willow bushes, have a fairly clear orographic association. The dominance of pine, Siberian pine and aspen stands that are more demanding of warming and moistening conditions of soils is observed in heated, well-drained relief elements. The formation of spruce forests is confined to the floodplain areas. Willow species that are resistant to periodic soil waterlogging occupy areas of floodplains that are annually flooded during the spring floods. Yernik (thickets of Betula nana) are confined to the long-term permafrost soil. Larch and birch forests, on the contrary, in the relatively leveled relief of the middle taiga landscapes of southern Evenkia exhibit eurytopic properties in relation to the conditions of habitats with different positions in the relief and morphometric characteristics. The results obtained can be used in further geobotanical, landscape and forestry research, mapping and long-term monitoring of forests in southern Evenkia on a landscape basis.

In modern conditions, successions occur on former meadows and pastures in the territory of the European north-east of the Russian Federation, resulting in an increase in the area of phytocenoses with a predominance of gray alder forests, but insufficient attention has been paid to the study of their growth and development. Gray alder in the region forms mixed stands most often with willow and birch, less often with spruce and Scots pine, and sometimes with aspen. Due to the ability to absorb free nitrogen from the air due to the presence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria on the roots, gray alder increases the fertility of poor soils typical of the European north-east of the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis of the current regulatory and information support, it was established that there is no standard table of the sums of the cross-sectional areas for normal gray alder stands at a density of 1.0 for the European north-east of the Russian Federation. The aim of the study is to develop a standard table of the sums of the crosssectional areas and stocks of normal gray alder stands at a relative density of 1.0. The experimental material was the data of 175 sample plots located in gray alder stands of Ia-IV bonity classes aged 5 to 85 years. The compiled table of the sums of the cross-sectional areas and stocks depending on the average height of the stands can be used in the taiga zone of the northeast to determine the density of gray alder stands during enumeration taxation and to adjust the stock of stands during visual taxation. This, in turn, allows for more accurate accounting and assessment of the wood stock, to establish an additional volume of wood in gray alder stands.

The results of evaluating the potential for introducing seed and vegetative progeny of Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. into the southern part of Western Siberia are presented. The seed progeny were represented by three age groups: 4, 8, and 17 years. Seed germination rate was 84%, and seedling survival by the end of the third year was 66% of the total number of germinants. The vegetative progeny consisted of heteroplastic grafts of Korean pine onto rootstocks of a local ecotype of Pinus sibirica Du Tour; observations were conducted at graft ages of 7 and 21 years. Graft success rate was 73%, and their survival rate was 52%. The phenomenon of scion-rootstock incompatibility in trunk diameter, where the scion's trunk is significantly thinner than that of the rootstock, was observed from an early age. Although by the age of 21 years the incompatibility coefficient increased by 8%, no scion mortality was observed. The study demonstrates that Korean pine successfully grows in the introduction area, both as seed progeny and as heteroplastic grafts. The species exhibits a relatively high growth rate for boreal conifers and develops a wide, spreading crown. The growth rates of grafts were higher than those of seed progeny; significant differences in height and trunk diameter were already observed between 7-year-old grafts and 8-year-old seed progeny. By age 17, the seed progeny reached an average height of 3 m, and by this age, none of the trees had formed reproductive structures. The grafts exceeded 4 m in height by age 21. Some grafts entered the generative phase by age 9, and by age 21, 75% of grafts formed macrostrobili, and 90% formed microstrobili. The phenological development of Korean pine is adapted to a milder, temperate monsoon climate compared to the region of introduction. As a result, shoot growth after winter dormancy began later, and the growth period was significantly longer than that of local Siberian coniferous species, contributing to its reduced winter hardiness. Nevertheless, shoot growth usually finished before the onset of freezing temperatures. Cone ripening occurred by the end of September. Throughout most of their life in the new environment, the trees suffered minor damage from winter and spring frosts. In certain years, however, both seed and grafted progeny of Korean pine sustained more severe frost injury to shoots and needles, although this rarely led to whole-plant mortality. Based on the totality of traits, Korean pine is promising for introduction into the southern part of Western Siberia and is recommended for wider use in silviculture and urban greening.

The abstract is devoted to the study of the influence of different types of soils on the quality of wood from lodgepole (Pinus contorta Dougl.), introduced in Leningrad region. The main focus is placed on studying the indicators of wood density depending on soil cover and hydrogeological conditions. The research also includes statistical validation of results using methods of variance and correlation analysis. Studies were conducted at four experimental sites located in Orlino and Vrud forest districts. The areas are represented by various soil types: loams, carbonates, peats, and sands. The age of studied cultures is about 40 years old. Measurements of height, diameter, and timber reserves have been carried out for each site. To determine wood density, samples (cores) obtained with Pressler's drill, processed according to Poluboyarinov’s maximum moisture capacity method. Correlation-disperse analysis: Kendall's rank correlation coefficient was calculated to assess relationships between soil characteristics and wood density. Results showed that soil significantly affects forest productivity and growth structure of twisted pine. The lowest wood density was observed on sandy soils, while the highest values occurred on heavy loamy and sod-carbonate soils. Statistically, there is a slight variation in average density (about 3%); however, significant differences were found in stem thickness across different locations. Calculation of Kendall's correlation coefficient confirmed positive relationship between wood density and granulometric composition as well as soil humidity level. This study confirms the importance of considering soil conditions when cultivating twisted pine in Russia. Obtained data indicate the impact of soil structure and fertility on wood quality, emphasizing the need for optimal growing conditions selection to improve economic efficiency of forestry production.

The nature of variability and the scale of heritability of the parameters of needles in the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) on a seed orchards established in the Vladimir region were studied. The relevance of the work is related to the continuing need for reliable provision of reforestation works designed to ensure continuous and sustainable forest management in the Russian Federation with high-quality seeds with improved hereditary properties. The purpose of the study was to determine the parameters of the needles of the positive pine trees on a clone forest–seed plantation and to assess the degree of their hereditary conditionality. The object of the research was the same-age clones of the positive trees of the Scots pine, located on a wood-seed plantation in the Krasnomayakovsky district forestry department of the Kovrov forestry department. The location corresponds to the zone of coniferous-broadleaf forests, coniferous-broadleaf forest area of the European part of the Russian Federation and is included in the second forest-seed area of the common pine. The coordinates of the site are 56.102403 N, 41.398626 E. Primary forestry information was collected by field methods in April-May 2024. Biological samples were taken in the periphery of the middle tier of a well-lit crown area: 50 paired bundles of 1-year-old and 2-year-old needles separately were collected. It was found that the age differences in its parameters are small: length – 5.96±0.014 cm and 6.17±0.013 cm; width – 1.86±0.003 mm and 1.87±0.002 mm; weight – 0.48±0.001 g and 0.57±0.001 g, respectively. Phenotypic variability was recorded both at the level of orthetes and in the composition of clones of the same name, despite the fact that the differences between the former are higher than intraclonal fluctuations in traits. The effect of the specificity of the genotypes of different clone groups on the occurrence of phenotypic variance in the parameters of needles has been established, from 41.99±0.19% in its linearly distributed mass to 85.84±0.05% in length (1-year-old) and from 20.77±0.26% in width to 89.27±0.04% in length (2-year-old).

The paper presents the results of seed flotation of the main coniferous forestforming species in Russia. A search was conducted for effective liquids for the flotation of seeds of Scots pine, European spruce, as well as Siberian, European and Daurian larches. Before conducting the experiments, the bulk and true density of seeds, the number of full-grain seeds in the batch were determined, isopropyl alcohol with concentrations of 60%, 75% and 90% and ethyl alcohol with concentrations of 65%, 75% and 85% were prepared. A 75% solution of isopropyl alcohol turned out to be the most optimal for larches, while the soaking time varies. When using ethyl alcohol, it is necessary to distinguish the concentration: for Siberian larch, we recommend using a 75% solution with a soaking time of 0.5 hours, for European larch – an 85% solution with a holding time of 30 minutes, for Daurian larch – an 85% solution for 15 minutes.

In recent years, the use of excavators and other specialized machines, such as the Bracke P11.a unit, has become more widespread in the taiga forests of Russia. These machines combine mechanical tillage with the planting of seedlings with a closed root system. The purpose of this study is to assess the survival rate, preservation, and growth of Scots pine forests in sorrel-bilberry conditions using different methods of tillage and planting techniques. The research was conducted in the Vologda region, where logging areas were chosen for the trial areas. These areas were used to assess the growth and survival of forest crops. In sorrel fresh conditions, the initial survival rate of the forest crops was 94% at the end of the first year of planting, when the plow beds were used. This is a promising result, indicating the potential for successful forest regeneration in these conditions. In the bilberry forest, the survival rate of forest crops was 70%. The creation of forest crops was carried out using the Bracke P 11/a planting unit. About 8-10% of the planting material had a fracture of the apical bud. The unit sealed about 20% of the planting material above the root neck due to the use of different heights of planting material. In moist bilberry forests, the preservation of crops was 90%. However, additional crops were planted to achieve this level of preservation. In sorrel fresh forests, the growth of crops created using micro-plants was more intense compared to those created using plow beds. To increase the survival rate and growth of pine forest crops, we recommend that soil treatment be carried out by creating micro-elevations using an excavator. The height of these micro-elevations should be at least 15-25 centimeters in sorrel and fresh bilberry conditions, and 30-40 centimeters in moist bilberry forests.

The materials on legal aspects of utilization of abandoned agricultural lands are presented. On the territory of the North-Western Federal District the share of such lands is 24% of the total area of agricultural land in the region. The main problem associated with the involvement of this kind of land into economic turnover is the legal aspect. Since abandoned lands are intensively overgrown with tree and shrub vegetation, it is advisable to further use them as lands of the forest fund. In the composition of the grass and shrub layer there are many species of resource importance. However, to date, there is no directly applicable law on the conversion of agricultural land into forest land. Federal Law No. 538-FZ of 27.12.2018 provides for the use of abandoned agricultural lands only for harvesting wild fruits, cultivation of honeydew, medicinal plant raw materials and food products. This norm is fixed in Article 123 Forest Code of the Russian Federation. As an example Pskov Oblast (Gdovsky District), the species composition of plants of raw material importance was determined. These are the lands where farming was stopped between 1995 and 2001. Counting works on determination of composition, occurrence and projective cover by species were carried out using the method of circular plots with a radius of 1.785 m. The number of survey plots at each study site ranged from 36 to 48. The species composition of the living ground cover includes more than 60 species, and including tree and shrub vegetation – more than 72 species. The magnitude of occurrence and projective cover indicate that light-loving species predominate on post-agrarian lands. Cereals are the most abundant. Betula pendula Roth predominates in the composition of the tree layer on all experimental plots. Undergrowth on the study sites is represented by Salix triandra L., Viburnum opulus L., Frangula alnus Mill, Sorbus aucuparia L., Rosa acicularis Lindl.

When growing plantings, an important factor in their successful growth and development is additional tillage, which consists in loosening and removing weedage. In forestry, this technological operation is performed mainly in the spacing of plantations by inter-row cultivators or by saddling a row with leaving a protective zone with special forest tools. Directly in the row, the forest crops are clarified manually with the help of motorcycle cutters and trimmers, which is not productive. By analogy with garden tools, the authors have designed a machine for cultivating the soil in rows of tree plantation, equipped with a milling working part. The purpose of the work is to compile a mathematical model of the movement of a vertically rotating milling cutter with an arcuate withdrawal from a row during tillage with a perennial plantings tool to evaluate the kinematic parameters of the work process. The developed model takes into account that the gun moves progressively, and the crank on which the milling cutter is mounted works like a curtain rod, that is, it moves in a half-arc. The determination of the position of the treated plants is linked to the working part, as when moving out of the row, the milling cutter should not touch the stipes. As an example of using the model, the result of modeling fragments of a work area for two different plant spacing is shown – 1 m and 2 m. The presented mathematical formulation of the kinematics of a tillage tool with a milling working part work process of can be used for further theoretical and experimental studies of the operation of this type of equipment and reduces the development time of serial technical samples.

The article addresses the current challenge of performing thinning operations in forest stands with a two-row tree arrangement established through artificial reforestation. A critical analysis of existing technological solutions used in harvesting stands with a two-row configuration has been conducted. It has been determined that the application of traditional tree felling methods: mechanized (using chainsaws), combined (using forwarders), and machine-based (using harvesters) – under conditions of a closed canopy and narrow row spacing leads to significant damage to trees left for subsequent growth (leave trees). As an alternative solution, an improved felling method utilizing a compact logging tractor equipped with a hydraulic manipulator featuring a felling bumper is proposed. The developed method is aimed at minimizing damage to residual stands and ensuring the controlled placement of felled trees along the skid trail. The operational technology is described in detail, involving the reception of the tree by the manipulator's bumper followed by its controlled laying along the inter-row space. The results of field trials are presented, confirming the difficulties of the felling process under traditional operational conditions and highlighting the relevance of the new method for reducing damage to trees remaining in the cutting area and ensuring their alignment along the skid road. The proposed approach overcomes a key technological bottleneck during the first commercial thinning in two-row plantations, ensuring both economic efficiency and the preservation of future stand quality. The described technical solution is of practical interest to enterprises engaged in logging operations within an intensive silvicultural model.

The work is devoted to the issue of drawing up a process map of logging operations, the need for which is determined by the Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation dated January 17, 2022 No. 23 “On approval of the types of logging operations, the order and sequence of their execution, the form of the process map of logging operations, the form of the act of final inspection of the logging area and the procedure for final inspection of the logging area”. The author of the scientific study considers this issue important and relevant, because the process map of logging operations is not only an important regulatory framework for logging operations, but also an example of a complex and interesting engineering task to choose the best technological solution for a given logging area. The level of such a solution will be determined by the qualifications of the engineer or foreman who makes up the process map of logging operations. The purpose of the study is to analyze the normative and methodological foundations and practice of drawing up process maps of logging operations in the conditions of forestry in the North-West of the Russian Federation in order to formulate proposals for optimizing their compilation by loggers. Research objectives: to analyze the modern regulatory and methodological basis of logging operations, including in relation to the preparation of a process map of logging operations; to analyze the practice of drawing up process maps of logging operations in the conditions of forestry in the NorthWest of the Russian Federation; based on this analysis, to formulate proposals for optimizing the compilation of a process map of logging operations by loggers in the conditions of forestry in the North-West of the Russian Federation. The legislation of the Russian Federation has once again confirmed the need to design and implement measures to preserve wildlife and their habitat in the implementation of forestry and forestry production processes. Currently, there are examples of collecting damages from loggers for the destruction of wildlife and their habitat. When drawing up a process map of logging operations, the author suggests specifying in a separate section the planned measures for the conservation of wildlife and their habitat, with a detailed explanation of the technology of their implementation, the machinery and equipment used.

This article addresses the forecasting of the operational efficiency of multi-operational forest harvesting machine complexes. A methodology is proposed for this purpose, based on the use of a new evaluative criterion – the specific energy productivity potential of the machine complex. This potential is determined using the values of useful work performed by the machine with corresponding energy and time expenditures. The article outlines the procedure for assessing the structure of the joint technological cycle of harvesters and forwarders and the method for determining the values comprising the aforementioned criterion. Using the proposed methodology, an analysis of the efficiency of the roundwood loading operation by a forwarder's manipulator was conducted, depending on the harvester’s preliminary work technologies. Characteristic operating modes and execution variants for this operation were identified, which are up to 22,6% more efficient. It is noted that the efficiency of loading operations is significantly influenced by the synchronism and trajectory of the manipulator’s link movements and the performance of its hydraulic drive. It is proven that a forwarder manipulator’s hydraulic system with a separate drive for each consumer is 1,15–1,41 times more efficient in loading operations compared to a system with a common source of hydraulic energy and load sensing control. An analysis of the joint work efficiency of the most common harvesters and forwarders in the Republic of Belarus was performed for their various combinations within a single machine complex. Rational parameters for their technological processes were established. Technical specifications for prospective harvester and forwarder units within a multi-operational forest harvesting machine complex were substantiated. The complex is intended for logging in high-density stands with a normal distribution of stems (with volumes up to 1,4 m³ ) on soils with high bearing capacity.

Currently, single-unit logging road trains consisting of a truck and trailer are widely used in Russia for timber haulage. One of the key criteria for the high efficiency of logging transport systems in challenging natural and industrial conditions is ensuring their off-road capability. Logging vehicles primarily travel on public roads and forest transport routes with surfaces in satisfactory or good condition, where it is generally necessary to ensure adequate off-road performance, a key indicator of which is the adhesion weight ratio. The paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of the support-coupling cross-country ability based on the change in the value of the coefficient of adhesion weight of timber road trains-timber trucks assembled from vehicles (cars and trailers) of domestic production and imported ones, supplied by friendly countries. The relevance of the work is justified by the problems of operating "traditional" imported vehicles due to sanctions restrictions and the search for their effective replacement by timber road trains of domestic production and production of friendly countries. The analysis showed that at present the market offers a fairly large number of basic vehicles of domestic (KAMAZ, Ural, etc.), Belarusian (MAZ and MZKT) and Chinese (SITRAK, SHACMAN, etc.) production for assembling timber road trains during their operation in various road and production conditions. The main factors when choosing the configuration of timber road trains are the load capacity, the number of active axles of the base vehicle, the axle load, the length of the road train, etc. The assessment of the performance indicators and the efficiency of timber road trains made it possible, based on the values of the coefficient of adhesion weight and productivity at different haulage distances, to give recommendations on the assembly of timber road trains-timber trucks for different operating conditions. The material of the article can be useful for logging and transport companies, as well as for specialists conducting research in the field of timber removal.

This study presents the results of investigating the variability of ultrasonic wave propagation velocity in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood across the grain along the radial direction of the stem. The research was conducted on 23 specimens cut from pithcentered boards. Ultrasonic wave velocity was measured using the Pulsar 2.2 device, equipped with transducers operating at a nominal frequency of 60 kHz, by applying the through-transmission method. The results demonstrated that the ultrasonic velocity ranged between 1262 and 2149 m/s, with the highest values observed in the pith zone and the lowest values near the tangential directions of the grain. A combined exponential–linear regression model was developed to describe the radial distribution of ultrasonic velocity, achieving high accuracy (R² = 0.92). Comparison of the obtained data with previous studies confirmed the consistency of the velocity ranges measured both in wood specimens and in standing trees. The increased velocity in the pith region is attributed to the anatomical characteristics of juvenile wood and the radially oriented anisotropy of the material.

The article is devoted to the statistical assessment of the useful width of the slats from the format cutting of plywood, which are potentially suitable for forming the inner layers of plywood panels and other structures. It is known that in the process of manufacturing general-purpose plywood, a significant amount of wood waste is generated, the proportion of which exceeds 50% of the volume of the initial wood raw materials. One of the types of plywood waste is slats from format cutting of various widths, thicknesses and lengths. Russian standards provide for large allowances for format cropping. Taking into account the cutting width, slats with a width of 20...35 mm are formed during cutting, which make up 5-10% of the volume of the uncut plywood, depending on the format of the finished plywood and processing allowances. It is advisable to use slats from the format cutting of plywood when forming the inner layers of plywood panels. Slats from large-format plywood trimming based on phenolformaldehyde glue with a nominal thickness of 16 mm and a format of 1220×2440 mm (format before trimming – 1300×2500 mm) were considered as the object of research. The useful width of the slats at the two ends (ends) was measured, while the useful width of the slat was assumed to be the size that, after additional processing, allowed the formation of a geometrically correct slat, that is, the size of the smallest veneer layer open at the end. An analysis of the results showed that the actual width of the slats ranges from 10,4 to 36,7 mm. The average value of the useful width of the rails, depending on its length, ranges from 19,6 to 23,1 mm from the minimum end face. The obtained values are stable, the average square deviation is about 4 mm, and the coefficient of variation is 0,16...0,20. All received data arrays obey the law of normal distribution. Based on the data obtained, it is recommended to trim the slats to a width of 20...25 mm with the removal of uneven edges and the use of treated slats to form inner layers of plywood panels with outer layers of mutually perpendicular sheets of peeled veneer. The use of slats from the format cutting of plywood in the production of plywood panels will make it possible to usefully recycle the resulting waste with the production of new material, save wood and adhesive materials, and reduce production costs.

The corrosion inhibition mechanism of carbon steel St3 and austenitic steel 10Kh18N10T (10Cr18Ni10Ti) in sulfuric acid, and the possibility of increasing the anticorrosion effect of bark extracts by changing tree bark species composition, mineral, and organic additives, are insufficiently studied. Gravimetric method and polarization curves on a P-5848 potentiostat were used to study the effect of temperature (20 and 80°C) and composition of combined inhibitors based on aqueous extracts of aspen (EKO), spruce (EKE), and pine (EKS) bark on the rate and mechanism of corrosion of St3 and 10Kh18N10T steels in 2M solution H2SO4. This acid is used with an inhibitor additive for etching steel products. It has been established that at the same concentration of 1 g/l, the inhibitory effect of wood bark water-extractable substances (WES) on steel acid corrosion at 80°C increases in the order EKS < EKE < EKO. This effect is further enhanced at 2 g/l WES, when mixing bark extracts from different species, and even more with the addition of 1 g/l hexamethylenetetramine or potassium iodide as synergists. The addition of composition “0.5 g/l EKE + 0.5 g/l EKO + 1 g/l KI” to 2M H₂SO₄ reduces the corrosion rate of St3 carbon steel by 16 times at 80 °C, exhibits the most significant anticorrosion effect on 10Kh18N10T austenitic steel, and enhances the steels' ability for anodic passivation.

In the process of obtaining cellulose with a low Kappa number, the main focus is on extended delignification at the cooking stage, which improves the yield of unbleached cellulose. However, despite the installation of flushing presses to enhance flushing, the problem of low selectivity of single-stage oxygen-base bleaching remains unresolved. Studies show that deep delignification can be achieved under certain humidity conditions and prior air removal, which minimizes diffusion resistance. The kinetics of mass transfer processes and chemical reactions plays a key role in the production of cellulose, where a combination of high selectivity of delignification and minimization of environmental impact is required. The efficiency of the processes of silicification and bleaching depends on the rate of mass transfer of reagents and their interaction with the inner surface of the fibers. A two-stage LCC with a controlled dosage of an alkaline reagent allows you to maintain a low reaction rate and a high degree of utilization of the exposed surface. However, the introduction of new technologies, such as modified cooking and two-stage chemical reaction, faces problems associated with an increase in the capacity of production flows and the accumulation of dissolved substances. This leads to a deterioration in the quality of the pulp and an increase in the toxicity of wastewater. As a result, adapting new technologies to the conditions of domestic enterprises remains a difficult task requiring further research and process optimization. The reasons preventing the introduction of the best available technologies at domestic CBP enterprises are considered.

The paper presents the results of a comprehensive study of model wastewater generated during the processing of wood biomass at various technological stages. The fundamental possibility of their use for the preparation of new target products in the soil reclamation system is demonstrated. Based on open data from the scientific literature, the agrochemical indicators of the composition of organic waste (bark, sawdust, lignin, sewage sludge) for fertilizer production are analyzed, since plant components from wood processing are traditionally used in composting processes. This technology also generates soil water with specific properties, which served as a basis for the study of specific wastewater generated during wood processing for soil reclamation and the creation of artificial soil layers. Based on a set of integral indicators, it was found that in concentrated form and with slight dilution, these specific streams can be assessed as toxic; however, with special preparation, they can serve as a biologically active substrate for green algae. Biotesting showed that the effluent from the wood preparation shop and the effluent from HTTM production in concentrated form are toxic to Daphnia magna Straus, but do not have an acute toxic effect on Paramecium caudatum and Chlorella vulgaris Beijer. With reasonable and necessary dilution with specially prepared solutions, the model compositions can exhibit growth-stimulating activity in relation to planting material recommended for landfill reclamation. The obtained results allow us to consider the studied wastewater, after appropriate preparation, as a promising secondary raw material for enriching degraded soils with organic matter, which is consistent with the principles of a circular economy and sustainable development of the forest industry. The practical significance of the work lies in substantiating the possibility of using liquid by-products of wood processing to create hydroseeding compositions for the reclamation of disturbed lands.

The component composition of essential oils of the introduced species of lodgepole pine Pinus contorta Dougl. and the local Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. needles was studied in experimental cultures of the Syktyvkar forestry of the Komi Republic (61°39’ N 50°41’ E). The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation from mixed samples of fresh needles of different ages. The yield of essential oil was 0,35% and 1,64% based on the absolutely dry weight of needles in lodgepole pine and Scots pine, respectively. Chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis revealed 41 components in the essential oil of needles for each species. The monoterpene fraction dominates in the composition, which is typical for many pine species and conifers in general. The composition of essential oils between species differs by one component: limonene was not detected in lodgepole pine needles, while βphellandrene was not detected in Scots pine needles. Significant differences are observed in the yield of matching components of the introduced and native species. The major components in the essential oil of lodgepole pine needles are β-phellandrene (38,99%), βpinene (28,56%), α-pinene (7,34%) and α-terpineol (6,49%). β-myrcene (2,15%), αphellandrene (1,95%) and α-terpinolene (1,71%) are present in smaller quantities. The content of other components is less than 1%. The superiority of β-phellandrene and β-pinene over other components is also characteristic of the essential oil of lodgepole pine needles from natural area. In the composition of essential oils of Scots pine needles, 53,46% is αpinene, followed by 3-carene (8,55%), τ-cadinol (4,37%), camphene (4,28%) and α-cadinol (4,26%), β-pinene (3,46%), β-cadinene (2,77%), bornyl acetate (2,18%), β-myrcene (1,61%), limonene (1,45%), α-terpinolene (1,31%), α-terpineol (1,21%), α-muurolene (1,01%) and tricyclene (1%). The content of other components is less than 1%. High content of α-pinene is typical for Scots pine in the European part of its range.