It is proposed to use the Tree Talker monitoring system in combination with traditional methods of phytopathological and entomological monitoring to ensure timely detection of changes in the state of plantations in St. Petersburg and identify key factors of environmental stress. Diverse departmental affiliation and a wide species composition of the city's plantations, as well as the presence of numerous environmental factors that negatively affect the condition of trees, the appearance of invasive pathogens and pests create poorly predictable situations. The emergence of invasive pests and pathogens, such as the causative agent of the Dutch elm disease, the Ascomycete fungi Ophiostoma novo-ulmi and its spreaders – the sapwood bark beetles, another Ascomycete, the Hymenoscyphus fraxineus fungus, and the Emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis in including due to late detection of these pathogens and pests. In the context of the disunity of the management system of urban plantings due to different departmental affiliation, mosaic location, species diversity and specificity of the species composition of woody plants, as well as requirements for prompt decision-making, the use of Tree Talker technologies becomes very promising. These technologies allow for the prompt receipt, transmission and analysis of data on the daily and seasonal dynamics of physiological parameters, the resistance of trees to wind loads, taking into account the species, age and size. Integration of the obtained data allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of plantings in general in terms of creating a microclimate, the dynamics of vertical deviations, and the effectiveness of sanitary and recreational activities. As a result, obtaining operational information allows us to timely detect unfavorable changes both in individual trees and in the structure of plantings and to analyze the causes of these changes, especially in relation to the emergence of biological threats to the plantation – the spread of dangerous pathogens and the reproduction of pests.

We studied the nature and scale of seasonal changes in the pigment composition of needles of different spruce species (Picea A. Dietr.) under the conditions of introduction to the Nizhny Novgorod region, and revealed the content and balance of photosynthetic plastid pigments. The objects of the study were 13 species of spruce belonging to aborigines and exotics: Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.); Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.); Glen spruce (Picea glehnii (F. Schmidt) Mast.); white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss); Dragon spruce (Picea asperata Masters); black spruce (Picea mariana Mill., Britton, Sterns & Poggenburg); silver prickly spruce (Picea pungens Engelm., f. argentea); blue prickly spruce (Picea pungens Engelm., f. glauca Regel); Serbian spruce (Picea omorika (Pančić) Purk.); Engelman spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.); Blue spruce (Picea pungens engelm.); Ayan spruce (Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) carrière); Korean spruce (Picea koraiensis Nakai). Sampling was carried out in a randomized manner, following the principle of a single logical difference. A spectrophotometer SF-2000 was used. It was found that the content and ratio of plastid pigments in conifers is dynamic throughout the year. The effectiveness of the influence of the phases of seasonal plant development on the characteristics of the pigment composition is determined: by the content of chlorophylla- 18.86±0.32%; by the content of chlorophyll-b-21.26±0.31%; by the sum of chlorophylls-16.13±0.33%; by carotenoids – 37.43±0.25%; by the proportion of chlorophyll-a – 39.74±0.24% and the proportion of chlorophyll-b – 39.74±0.24%. The effect of interspecific differences in the content and ratio of different forms of chlorophyll and carotenoids is significant and sufficiently equalized at a maximum of 23.56±0.91%. With General trends in seasonal dynamics, representatives of the spruce genus have a noticeable species-specific pigment composition.

Introduction as one of the traditional areas of practical activity in forestry remains relevant at the present stage. Having a wide range of useful features and properties, representatives of the genus birch (Betula L.) are subject to diverse research. The purpose of this study was to obtain a comparative assessment of various species included in the taxonomic system of the genus birch, according to the degree of lignification of xylem. The object of the study was the planting of 10 species of birch presented in the introduction collection of the Botanical garden of Nizhny Novgorod state University. N.I. Lobachevsky. The subject of the study was the variability of the degree of xylem lignification in introduced and native birch species. The primary sampling unit in the experiment was a one-time recording of temporary preparations of cross-sections from the average part of the annual growth, which, after staining and fixation, were viewed using a Micmed-2 microscope. Lignification of fiber in the walls of xylem cells was detected using a qualitative reaction of phloroglucin to lignin. Additionally, an experimental analysis of the timing of leaf fall in the studied objects was performed. During the analysis of the degree of lignification of xylem cells in annual shoots of birch species within the experimental area, their heterogeneity in the values of the studied indicators was established, regardless of the species. The minimal number of non-woody xylem cells indicated that the plants were more prepared for the unfavorable winter period and earlier leaf fall. The differences were revealed against a leveled environmental background in the Nizhny Novgorod region and were confirmed by the results of one-factor and two-factor analysis of variance.

Forest fires are among the main environmental factors of the negative impact on the forest and the ecological situation. An increase in the number of forest fires occurs due to numerous disturbances by the population, global climate change, and environmental degradation. Forests of the Novgorod region, located territorially between two agglomerations, are an indispensable environmental factor. Ensuring fire safety in forests of forestry enterprises is one of the most important state tasks. The purpose of the research is to assess the state of forest protection from fires in the Novgorod region using effective fire prevention measures. Forests of the Novgorod region are characterized by an average degree of natural fire hazard. The territory of the region belongs to low-visibility regions, and the dynamics of forest fires is associated with weather conditions. Forests in the region are represented by pine and spruce stands located in the northeast and the very south of the region, in which the proportion of young frogs is 31.6%. Damage to arrays by harmful insects and diseases, adverse weather conditions, recreational loads and emissions of industrial enterprises increase the fire hazard in forests. The efficiency of using the Forest Guard system allowed eliminating 85.5% of fires during the first day, while the number of large fires for the period 2009–2017 was eliminated. decreased to 4 pcs, and the average area of fires was 1.7 ha. The developed cartographic material for the distribution of forest land in the Novgorod Region according to the degree of forestry burnability and monitoring zones allows for the fire-prevention of the facility and provides real information for operational work. The complex of proposed and used fire prevention measures is characterized as a reliable and effective method for reducing the number of fires in forests.

The aim of the study was to study natural reforestation in the middle taiga of the taiga forest zone of the Russian Federation on the basis of mass forest management data, which reflects information about the progress of preliminary reforestation. The task was solved with the help of an electronic database of the research object, which includes the information necessary for the overall assessment of the undergrowth of economically valuable breeds. The assessment of natural reforestation was carried out on the basis of the renewal assessment scale. From the general electronic database of data, all natural-origin selections were selected at the age of the predominant breed of the main tier older than the 4th age class, i.e. coniferous over 80 years old and softleaved over 40 years old. The total sample size was 6,533 allotments with an area of 16,814. 2 hectares. In general, on 32.7% of the area of taxation allotments, there is a complete absence of undergrowth of economically valuable breeds. The structure of the breed composition of the undergrowth is characterized by almost complete dominance of spruce undergrowth. Optimal conditions for the natural reforestation of spruce are created in blueberry forests (99.8% occurrence) and in acid forests-98.4% occurrence. The maximum percentage of undergrowth with a rating of good for the wood species prevailing in the allotment (35% of all allotments with the adolescent) was found in the pine forests of the acidic forest type in fresh sub-forests.

GIS technologies and methods of automated classification of remote sensing data are actively used in many countries in forest inventory, forest management planning and assessment of the state and characteristics of forests. The objectives of the study were to develop a methodology and conduct an automated classification of land categories for a large administrative-territorial unit based of remote sensing methods and GIStechnologies. The object of the study was the territory of the Pushkin district of St. Petersburg. On the territory of the Pushkin district are located a significant number of green zones (parks, squares, gardens, forest belts), some of which are included in the list of monuments protected by UNESCO. Also on the territory of the district are located industrial enterprises, large industrial zones, agriculture is developed. Lansat-8 satellite images and a set of maps for the study area were used as initial materials. GIS ArcGIS and MapInfo, programs ENVI and Trimble eCognition were used to collect, visualize and process data. Field work on the selection of reference (training) samples included the selection of sample plots in nature, photography, and determination of coordinates. The Landsat images were classified according to the results of two main operations – automated interpretation by the maximum likelihood method and determination of the vegetation indices of the land categories classes. After performing field verification, as well as performing processing and aggregation operations, the final thematic map of the classes of land categories in the Pushkin region was formed and the final tables of the distribution of areas by municipalities were obtained. The presented methodology, associated with the processing and interpretation of remote sensing materials by means of GIS technologies, can be considered as a modern tool for landscape analysis, state (national) forest inventory, and various types of territory monitoring.

Studies of the subsequent resumption were carried out on the cuttings of 5-15-year-olds in the Northern Forestry of The Ust-Ilim district of Irkutsk region. The focus was on the growth of the pine tree as the most common and most exploited coniferous breed. The soil excavations measured the thickness of the A1 humus horizon and the forest litter A0, as well as the granulometric composition of the upper mineral horizons of the soils. The absence of a significant correlation between the density of the pine grower with the ratio of the thickness of A1/A0 of the osolode-made red-brown longseason-permafrost soils of the region, formed in conditions of sharp continentality of the climate, the predominance of evaporation over precipitation, the wealth of the mother breed exchange calcium, magnesium and sodium. There is a high inverse correlation of the number of the growth of pine with the "weighting" of the granulometric composition of soils from the sandy loam to the average loam. The largest number of teenagers (3-5 thousand ex./ha) was found in the original pines with the soils of the supine, less often – lightly coglinish mechanical composition. On the soils of light- and medium-sougling pines are much smaller, in the teenage part of the birch and aspen dominate. The growth of pine is practically absent on relatively rich loamy soils in the original firs, spruce trees, larch. The A1/A0 ratio, due to the peculiarities of soil formation in the research area, does not play a decisive role in the success of the subsequent resumption of pine cuttings.

Forest thinning is a complex of forestry measures aimed at improving the qualitative and quantitative indicators of the stand, the formation of highly productive, sustainable and economically valuable stands, by removing sick, damaged, fallow trees, as well as trees of undesirable species in young stands, stumps and middle-aged stands. The work presents a comparison of the normative indicators for the two rules of forest maintenance, the main difference of which is the approach to the allocation of the maximum allowable felling stock, based on the analysis of the absolute, for the new standard, and the relative, for the old, completeness of the stand. The evaluation and comparison of classes of marketability, percent of the harvested stock and its distribution across the plots were made in order to identify the differences and peculiarities of the approaches of the two normative approaches under consideration. By results of the carried out analyses it was revealed difference of the forest inventory data to real qualitative and quantitative indicators of a stand on the majority of plots, the big difference between classes of marketability on the considered standards that in turn leads to distinctions in an exit on stocks of business and wood, and as their qualitative distinction, and intensity of thinning of a canopy that is caused by the above-named features on allocation of the maximum allowable cut stock. In connection with the above stated, it is necessary to develop regional norms of forest tending on the basis of received long-term observations on permanent trial areas with a full cycle of conducted forest tending and, if necessary, to make corrections, the possibility of which is fundamentally excluded by the existing scheme of development and introduction of normative documents.

In a market economy the efficiency of timber enterprises is largely determined by the compliance characteristics of the timber technical capabilities of processing equipment and technologies in General. In the process of harvesting wood in large volumes with the use of high-performance equipment, there is a need for statistical processing of the obtained data sets for each controlled parameter. Statistical processing methods require complex calculations, so there is a need to create a unified software tool for statistical analysis of data samples of various volumes with a sufficient set of calculated statistical parameters. The aim of the work is the statistical processing of the dimensional characteristics of a batch of timber harvested in the conditions of the middle taiga of the Komi Republic, using specially developed software. In the study, were studied parameters of the harvested timber – length and stem taper, length of segments, the average diameter of the logs obtained from the monitoring system-measuring wheel harvesters are of the middle class harvester John Deere 1270G 8W, working at logging in the winter procurement period. Processing of the received data arrays was carried out using specially developed software statsProg, written in the Python programming language. The developed software allows you to process any numerical data arrays, with subsequent calculation of statistical parameters and checking the distribution for normality. Statistical evaluation of a batch of timber harvested in the middle taiga of the Komi Republic using the wheel harvester John Deere 1270G 8W showed a large variability in size characteristics, which is explained by the natural and climatic conditions of wood growth, including the preparation of mixed breeds, as well as the development of sortings taking into account their quality and cutting out defective places.

The main concepts of system analysis as an integral part of the theory of systems are becoming an integral part of scientific and technical research in the forestry complex: integrity and connectivity in the internal functional space-time, built by the target functions of the system and its elements. Each branch of the national economy has its own ideas of the concept of a system of various structural levels from maximum to minimum and the corresponding intra-system functional space-time. In the forestry industry, complexes of machines and equipment that carry out technological processes of timber production can be considered as meso-system structures, then the technical operations of the machines and equipment themselves can be attributed to the micro level. In this article, from the systemic point of view, a single functional time of the internal connectivity of the flow of production operations with the harvester head of the wheel harvester is built. At present, the technological efficiency of machines and equipment is determined statistically on average in external time. An increase in labor productivity of forestry equipment complexes is possible only on the observance of the basic principle of system optimization: in a system consisting of interconnected interacting subsystems, the optimum for the entire system is not a function (for example, the sum) of the optima of the subsystems included in the system. This principle can be regarded as the theorem of the optima of the systems approach. Determination of the technological efficiency of the harvester head of the wheel harvester in the functional time of the connectivity of the performed technical operations in comparison with the average statistical approach reveals a more informative picture of the dynamics of the process and reveals the possibilities of better organization of labor. In the article, the dynamics of the work of the harvester head of the wheel harvester is investigated in the representation of the three-stage connectivity of the operations of timber production. In the first stage, the felling of wood takes place and the productivity of obtaining general wood raw material is determined; in the second stage, there are two superposition processes for obtaining assortments and wood waste, therefore, the productivity of the resulting wood waste, assortments and total wood raw materials is determined here; in the third stage, the woody crown material is obtained. The constructed systematic approach reveals the integrity and unity of the dynamic operations of the harvester head of the wheel harvester by determining the productivity of both each operation and their superposition in the functional time of the technological process.

When implementing the concept that ensures the economic accessibility of remote forest resources, it is envisaged to raft small-sized packages of round timber into bilevel units at the points of exit from shallow-water sections of rivers to deep-water ones. The specified raft is assumed in special devices, which provide the leveling ends of rafting units to increase the economic indicators of further transportation and the reliability of maintaining integrity. To substantiate the parameters of the device, information is needed on the required forces for leveling ends of floating packages and bilevel units of them. It was found that to obtain it requires additional research. The expediency of a common methodology for bilevel units and their constituent packages is obvious, from which research should be started. To obtain the dependence for calculating the force required for leveling ends of the floating packages, a theoretical method based on the elastic theory was used. In this case, the floating package was considered as a flexible shell filled with two types of granular media with different bulk density. The boundary of the media runs along the surface of the water. The strapping line, that is, the flexible casing, is a combination of fragments of two elastics with different characteristics. Using parametric equations describing the shape of elastic and dependences for determining pressures in bulk media, we obtained the required analytical dependence and its simplified version for practical calculations. The calculation results according to the proposed formula exceed the results calculated according to the formula obtained earlier using another algorithm of actions without considering the pressure of the straps by 70% with a package shape factor of 1.5, that is, with a strong pressure of the straps and by about 10% – with a coefficient of 2.5, that is, their weak pressure. This allows us to consider the results of the study reliable, the use of the methodology used for the corresponding study of bilevel units is expedient. It was found that at a fixed density of timber, the most significant effect on the force of leveling ends is changes in the ratio of the height of the package to the average diameter of timber, its shape factor and volume. The influence of the first two factors in the analytical formula is considered by a factor, the value of which in practical calculations can be determined from the proposed graphs or approximating dependences.

The theoretical and experimental justification of the use of crushed stone road surfaces reinforced with nepheline sludge and cement for covering forest terminals is given. The purpose of this study is to select the most durable, technologically advanced and cost-effective material for loading platforms and temporary storage warehouses for timber due to the increasing frequency of multi-stage wood removal. The results of the study showed that the resulting material has high strength and water resistance, meets the requirements of GOST for coating materials, including loading points. Recommendations on the dosages of the components of the mixture are given.

The analysis of existing methods for assessing soil erosion in hydraulic engineering and culverts, showing that the determination of the depth and rate of erosion is carried out without taking into account the physical properties of cohesive soils. Thus, these parameters are estimated using empirical relationships and with significant errors. Experimental data on erosion of cohesive soils prove that the large specific surface area and hydrophilicity of clay particles lead to decompaction and the removal of soil microaggregates into the flow. A mathematical model is proposed for calculating the depth of erosion of cohesive soils depending on the shear stress in the soil. Taking into account the adhesion indicators and the angle of internal friction in this model will avoid errors in the calculations.

Annual economic losses due to the unsuccessful design of the route of the timber haul road cause enormous damage to enterprises and sectors of the economy. Therefore, an increase in the efficiency of road construction production is associated with the improvement of calculation methods for the design and construction of timber highways. With the increase in traffic intensity on forest roads, it became necessary to optimally design the geometric elements of the roads. The basis for the formation of the future road is its route, and the outline of this route largely determines the technical qualities of the future road. The work examines and analyzes various combinations of curvilinear sections of the plan and the longitudinal profile of the route of timber transport roads. The main reasons for the often obtained unsuccessful combination of plan curves and longitudinal profile are insufficient study of visual clarity and smoothness, as well as insufficient experience of practical use in design organizations of the known principles of spatial design of timber haul roads. The aim of the study is to analyze, which will make it possible to determine the typical combinations of the route in plan and profile and their frequency found in the projects of timber hauling roads and their frequency and to estimate, in a first approximation, the correspondence of these combinations of visual clarity and smoothness. In the work various combinations of typical sections of the plan and profile and their variants are systematized, indicators of the degree of mutual coordination of the curves of the plan and the longitudinal profile are obtained. The studies carried out gave a general idea of the types of combinations of plan and profile curves and their frequency in projects of timber transport roads.

Using the concepts of inhibition of the combustion of a wood complex and the formation of wood-based panels during hot pressing, the author's idea of the main aspects of creating plates of reduced combustibility is presented. Approaches to solving the problem are given, the functions of effective fire retardants are revealed, including their fixation in wood components, the temperature range of activation, and the variability of the acidity of the medium. The parameters of the test results are analyzed to assess the effectiveness of phosphorus-containing fire retardants for wood composite materials (wood partcle board, fiberboard end other). The development of the result in the direction of a "strong" solution and self-review of scientific research is proposed.

The presented work is devoted to the determination of the optimal conditions for the isolation of the sum of extractives from wood greenery (WG) of Pinus sylvestris by the method of emulsion extraction. The environmentally friendly emulsion method for the extraction of plant raw materials in an aqueous-alkaline medium is not inferior to the traditional methods of extracting low molecular weight components and makes it possible to effectively isolate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds. The object of this study is logging waste – woody greenery of Pinus sylvestris – a source of natural biologically active substances that have practical application. The determination of the optimal conditions for the extraction of WG pine by the emulsion method in this study was carried out by the response surface method using a rotatable compositional uniform plan of the second order, which included 13 experiments with all possible combinations of the levels of two studied factors: the concentration of an aqueous solution of NaOH and the hydromodule – ratio of the volume of water-alkaline solution to the mass of raw materials. Analysis of the research results showed that in a given range of variation of factors, the greatest influence on the yield of extractive substances is exerted by the hydromodule, with an increase of which to 10: 1, the yield increases, then an equilibrium concentration is established in the "raw material – extractant" system. The optimal conditions for emulsion extraction of WG pine were established: concentration of an aqueous solution of NaOH – 5%, hydromodule 10:1. Under optimal conditions, the yield of extractive substances was 9,84% of the weight of the dry raw material, which is comparable with the results obtained by traditional methods of raw material extraction with organic solvents.

The influence of the properties of natural and synthesized silicon dioxide on technical cellulose from rice and oat husks on the catalase activity of dioxidecontaining materials is estimated. Technical cellulose from the husk was obtained by the oxidative-organosolvent method. The fixation of silicon dioxide on cellulose was carried out by the sol-gel method using tetraethoxysilane. The properties of the obtained dioxide-containing materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis, nitrogen thermal desorption method, inductively coupled plasmaemission spectroscopy. The catalase activity of the dioxide-containing materials was evaluated by the model reaction of Н₂О₂ decomposition. In the course of the work, the following samples of cellulose were obtained: one from rice husks with an ash content of 0.3 to 33.5%; one from oat and rice husks without mineral components. The sol-gel method was used to obtain materials with a content of synthetic silicon dioxide from 0 to 47.2% based on rice husk and from 0 to 44.3% based on oat husk. It was established that the amount of fixed silicon dioxide by the sol-gel method does not depend on the origin of the technical cellulose. The silicon dioxide remaining in the technical cellulose is in an amorphous state. The maximum specific surface area (20.4 m²/g) is achieved at the limiting silicon dioxide content (30.3%). The silicon dioxide synthesized on technical cellulose by the sol-gel method is in a crystalline state, with the maximum specific surface area being 18.5 m²/g for a dioxide-containing material based on OH, and 15.7 m²/g for a dioxide-containing material based on RH; It was found that dioxide-containing material with natural silicon dioxide possesses the catalase activity. This catalase effect can be explained by the presence of impurities in the form of metals, which are accumulated in the mineral component of plant raw materials during the vegetation. Cellulose samples with synthesized silicon dioxide do not have catalase activity, independently from specific surface area and SiO₂ content.

In accordance with the changes in environmental legislation the issue of minimizing the nature intensity of sulfate-pulp production, which affects the ecosystem of the lake, is inextricably linked with the study of the transformation and transformation of pollutants in the water, taking into account the hydrological characteristics of the reservoir. The natural intensity of pulp production is determined by the quantity and quality of the raw materials used – wood, wood chips, chemical reagents, water; the technological process of production of pulp, paper, cardboard, as well as by-products such as turpentine, tallow oil and efficiency and applied environmental technologies for the management of discharges, emissions and waste of production and consumption. The tasks of reducing the negative impact of sulfatecellulose production on the aquatic ecosystem were solved. Together with the laboratory of the environmental protection department of the pulp mill, a number of laboratory studies of treated and untreated waste water after cooking of different grades of pulp were carried out in the summer-autumn period of 2020 in order to implement the procedure for rationing waste water of the pulp and paper mill according to the criteria of regional environmental technology intensity. A model is presented for studying the transformation of pollutants in treated and untreated wastewater from sulfate-pulp production at various dilutions with natural water. Target and representative indicators of alkaline-containing wastewater are presented, taking into account the best available technologies (BAT) in the field of pulp production. The parameters of the biochemical oxidation kinetics were studied at five water dilution multiplicities simulating the initial and main dilution zones. The main characteristics of the production and territorial complex were measured within the framework of the tasks of environmental rationing.

Potentiometric titration, IR-spectroscopy of ¹³C solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and chemical analysis were used to study the gelation of technical lignins (oxidized hydrolysis, Kraft, sodium, and lignosulfonates) and Pepper lignin in interaction with metal salts: CaCl₂, Mg(NO₃)₂,FeSO₄, Co(NO₃)₂, Pb(NO₃)₂, Fe(NO₃)₃, CuSO₄, AgNO_3. It has been established that compounds that are salts of a weak base and a strong acid have the ability to gelation; the metal cation has a standard potential above a certain value, has moderate hydrolysis ability, and the cation hydroxide formed in the hydrolysis reaction has a relatively low solubility. During gel formation, a compound of the composition R–COO–Me^z+–OOC–R z = 2,3 is formed. A scheme of intermolecular bonds at the point of lignin hydrogel formation is proposed, according to which adjacent lignin molecules bind to each other by three types of bonds: ionic between carboxyl groups of lignin and metal cations, coordination between metal cations and water molecules included in the coordination sphere, and hydrogen connecting all the components of the system into a single whole. Lignin hydrogels have a high sorption ability with respect to heavy metals such as lead, iron and copper, which, depending on the content of acid groups in lignin and the molar mass of the sorbate, is ~ 25–50% by weight of lignin. This opens up the possibility of using a new type of lignin hydrogels for wastewater treatment of chemical plants.