Active housing construction leads to a partial reduction in the area occupied by green spaces. At the same time, the pace of reconstruction of green areas is becoming more intense. To study the changes in the territory of park zones after the reconstruction, the Pervomaisky Park of Culture and Recreation (PCaR) was chosen as the object of research. A comparative analysis of the 2017 and 2022 data allowed us to assess the changes that occurred in the plantings: the dynamics of quantitative and species composition, the condition of trees and shrubs. The dynamics of the balance of the park's areas and its spatial structure have also been studied. The purpose of the study is to compare the state of the territory of the Park of Culture and Recreation (PCaR) «Pervomaisky» Ufa before and after reconstruction using available satellite images and GIS and full-scale landscape analysis.

The aim of the study is to assess the characteristics of the growth of forest stands and the silvicultural efficiency of passing cuttings in drained forests and to identify the features in their appointment. The objects of the study were stationary objects of the Vologda regional laboratory of the Federal State Institution “SevNIILKh”, founded in the Sokolsky, Vologda and Babaevsky municipal districts of the Vologda Oblast on soils of transitional and lowland types of waterlogging. It has been established that in spruce forests, which are characterized, in the dominant majority, by a mixed composition and a structure of different ages, liquid passing cuttings are approaching a selective system. This approach allows for continuous forest management. In the emerging spruce forests, these cuttings, first of all, provide care for the composition and rejuvenation of the age structure. In pure pine plantations, passing cuttings are carried out in order to increase the growth energy of pine trees that are promising for further reforestation. First of all, old-growth and faut specimens, as well as oppressed pine trees, are subject to assignment to felling. In the dominant majority, pine trees from the central thickness steps, species with their share in the stand composition of no more than 2 units and undergrowth are subject to conservation. When developing the inter-channel space, the appointment of trees for felling in the canal strip is carried out according to their vital (sanitary) condition. The optimal organizational and technical parameters of passing cuttings in drained forests for their profitability and achievement of silvicultural efficiency are the sampling intensity from 30 to 50% for the stock and the relative density of the forest stand is not lower than 0.6.

A comparative analysis of the development of Scots pine seed progenies in 45- year-old provenance trials of the Leningrad region was carried out in the Leningrad region. The progenies of 10 climatypes were examined, including those from the Leningrad, Pskov, Novgorod, Tver and Kostroma regions, and the Republic of Karelia. The preservation rate of different progenies varied from 15% (Velikiye Luki) to 33% (Medvezhyegorsk). To assess temporal dynamics of preservation, growth, and condition category, the results of the studies carried out in 2007 and 2021 were analyzed. Depending on the geographical origin, there were significant differences between the progenies in preservation rate, tree size structure, and forest inventory indicators. Planting density also had a strong impact on preservation and growth rate. In northern progenies, characterized by a hereditarily slow height and diameter growth rate, intraspecific competition was weaker, and the preservation rate was higher. In contrast, the southern progenies had greater average diameters and heights, and were characterized by a better tree size structure; however, growing stock and its monetary value per 1 ha were lower. The progenies with high growth rate experienced increased competition, which resulted in self-thinning of stands due to inadequately high planting density. A significant relationship between the tree trunk diameters, condition category and the living space indicator was established. Self-thinning of stands still goes on, as evidenced by a high proportion (51–62%) of weakened and severely weakened trees. To reduce wood losses and improve the forest stands quality, timely thinning is necessary.

In connection with the significant reduction of arable lands in the taiga zone and their overgrowth with tree and shrub vegetation, the study of this process becomes relevant. The process of restoration of forest phytocenoses on the lands out of active agricultural use is influenced by a large number of factors. The most significant factors are: the age of fallow land, soil conditions, pyrogenic effects. Overgrowing of post-agrogenic territories is a complex dynamic process and under the influence of the above factors, in each case, a certain plant association will be formed. Thus, on the plots with the fallow fields of 25 years without pyrogenic impact, dense young trees with predominance of willow and a low diversity of species in the living ground cover and low projective cover will be formed. On a plot of the same fallow age, but subjected to pyrogenic impact, there will be much more sparse woody young growth dominated by willow, but conifers appear in the composition in addition to deciduous species. The living ground cover of this site is characterized by high species composition and high projective cover. The plots at the initial stage of overgrowth, with a fallow period of 5 years, are characterized by the predominance of birch and the absence of conifers in the tree layer, as well as a fairly high species diversity of living ground cover, but by the projective coverage will be observed a strong dominance of meadow bluegrass. The study of the process of natural regeneration of forest vegetation on post-agrogenic lands in the future will allow to develop a dynamic typology of these areas, to build a clear successional scheme of changes in plant associations. That, in its turn, will make it possible to create a mathematical spatial model of former agricultural land overgrowth from the moment of withdrawal from use to the formation of a full-fledged forest phytocoenosis.

The research was carried out as part of the collection of information and description of promising methods for assessing the conditions and management of landscapes by of natural protected territories, for lands of the forest fund of the Republic of Crimea. This article contains current methods, mechanisms and practices of forest landscapes management used in foreign forests. In honor, they are practiced in central Spain, in northern Pakistan, in the south-eastern United States, in Sri-Lanka, in Romanian beech forests and in 13 European regions. The goal is the analysis of naive practices of the management of protected areas in regions with geoclimatic features designed to draw an analogy with the conditions in the Crimea. The object of the study is the sphere of landscape management of protected areas. The subject of the study is the relationship between the formation, structure and development of protected areas landscapes. Materials it is, articles and publications on the topic of inheritance. In order to achieve the set whole investigation, general scientific and specialized approaches and methods are used in the work, based on the results and proposed, formulated in the selection: synthesis, induction, deduction, unevenhistorical, structural-functional approach. In the course of the analysis of the publication of the more of current practitioners of the management of personally protected forests in foreign countries was carried out. This article specifies the methods, mechanisms and practices of forest landscapes management used in foreign forests with landscapes and climatic conditions with Crimea and, as an alternative, are represented by territories that alienate from the Crimea at the same time with methods and techniques that are very promising for the Crimea. When analyzing current forest management practices, information about vegetation, soils, landscapes, the level of endemicity/security, the type of activity, the structure of the Forest was loaded and is also a research method. The analysis was carried out in tabular form and is presented in the sections Results and discussions. Relevant for Crimea will apply a moral division to forest management, following the example of Swedish and Finnish National Parks, in the case of forest management, Les are perceived as inheriting their ancestors and emotionally involved in ensuring that they preserve and save national supplies. These are able traditions and national folklore. With such participation, voluntary protection by citizens and careful attitude to forest resources are realized. In small areas of the Crimea in a flat place, the Fund of oak forests will be relevant, following the example of the Spanish «Dehes» (Dehesa – rarely located oak forests, low completeness oak forests), which will be capable, combining animal husbandry and forestry, as well as ascended soil fertility. The formed conditions in the long term will become an incentive to attract a more and more of rural residents. A rural settlement living in a close forested area, as look like in Pakistan, Gilgit Baltistan district, is more actively involved in used forest resources and sequential and administrative forests. Which is able to increase the area of land covered by the forest. By analogy with Sri-Lanka, let's not bring to the attention of the population in the forest management, increase the interest of the local population in preserving and increasing forest wealth, achieve such a whole mobile education system, as well as frequent positive communication with the community. Similar to beech forests in Romania, in the northern macroscline Chatyrdag mountains in the Crimea, the resulting permutations, old overgrown beechs bearing anti-erosion and stagnant functions, in which similarly used exclusively, care cutting and sanitary logging. Unlike the forest cadastres indicated in the study, information about the condition of trees is very selectively indicated during forest management in the Crimea. In honor, in the forest cadastres of Swedish figurines, the code (definition) is «dead, harvested», and in the forestry inventory, this category of trees is indicated as «deadwood», «deadwood of the current year», «deadwood of the past years», in other forest cadastres, the tracked categories of this category are not publicly displayed. In considering the methods of assessing the state and management of landscapes, the method of remote sensing of the earth using satellite images, permanent electronic 3D models of callers, examine the terrain features, painful detailed reduced require decryption and still not call for updating the sexual picture. At this time, as a unmanned aerial vehicles capable of recording received during the resolution, with the necessary angle.

It was developed an outdoor method of accomplished studies of different types over soils substrates and pine seeds germination. The main idea is a micro ecological combining of seeds places and determining of substrate moisture. The upper substrate layer in inviolate added with experimental seeds puts in lysimeter (cylindrical microcontainer or "lysimeter", which was nested in natural background at the same level with the substrate surface) and was daily weighted on accurate electronic weights, within 20 days. In experiment with lysimeter we used 4 types of forest substrates: inviolate and burnt green moss (Pleurozium schreberi (Вrid.) Mitt.) from lingonberry-bilberry-green moss pine forest and similar types of sphagnum moss (Sphagnum girgensonii Russ.) from rosemary-cassander-sphagnum pine forest. In the first five experimental days lysimeters were synchronously and evenly watered, thus we simulate a natural «recovery» rainfall series. At the result the most favorable moisture regime favorable moisture and as the reason 2-3 times higher germination of pines seeds, were indicated in intensively burnt green moss substrate – 69%. Due to the water-absorbing and water-retaining sphagnum mosses features, moisture supply level of inviolate substrate was insufficient for successful pines seedes germination and it final germitation was near 20%. Burnt sphagnum substrate have a near 2.5 times more volume mass than inviolate substrate, and as a consequence, volume moister , what caused to 2 fold (39%) more successful seed germination, compere with un burnt substrate. The difference in dynamic quantity seedlings between inviolate and burnt substrate, is explained post-fire outbreaks of natural pine populations regeneration.

In 2021, geobotanical descriptions were carried out in Sosnovka Park on the same sites where in 1925–1926 Y.Y. Vasiliev and A.G. Gael determined the dominants of the living ground cover, completeness, age and bonitet of plantings. In 1925–1926, lingonberry and blueberry pine forests prevailed in Sosnovka. Over 96–97 years, the vegetation and soils of Sosnovka Park have undergone significant changes. Some of the pine forests were replaced by birch forests. The small-leaved lime, Norway and Tatar maples, common rowan appeared in the stands. There is no pine among young generation, but there are many young broad-leaved trees. To date, a well-defined layer of undergrowth appeared, consisting of 17 species of shrubs and small trees. In the grass-shrub layer, the abundance of blueberries and cranberries, other forest species has decreased, meadow species, weed-ruderal, weed-pascal, weed-subnemoral occurred. There was a strong reduction in the projective coverage of green forest mosses and their partial replacement by Climacium dendroides, Sanionia uncinata, Plagiomnium cuspidatum, representatives of the Brachytheciaceae family. Lichen pine forests have completely disappeared in Sosnovka. Indication of moisture conditions using L.G.Ramensky scales (1956) showed that it remained unchanged (66–71 in 1925-26 and 65–73 in 2022). Indication of soil richness-salinity conditions using L.G.Ramensky scales (1956) showed that soil fertility increased by approximately 1 step (3.6–4.1 in 1925-26 and 4.0–5.0 in 2022).

In the strategy of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation with low GHG emissions until 2050 (SNSD), a stake is placed on increasing the absorption of greenhouse gases by forests from the current 535 million tons to 1200 million tons of CO2 eq. by 2050. Our study showed that there are significant regulatory and managerial barriers to this path. We included among them: the lack of developments in the field of effective climate projects for their replication; lack of institutional conditions acceptable to investors for attracting investments in natural and climatic projects. Accordingly, low economic motivation of companies to invest in such projects; lack of "carbon" indicators in the planning of federal programs and projects in the field of forestry; lack of linkage of forestry planning to the goals of decarbonization, etc. To correct the situation, it is proposed to take significant corrective measures in each of the listed areas. It is concluded that in order to realize the full potential of reducing emissions and increasing absorption in the forests of Russia, large-scale managerial and political work will be required to transform and modernize forest management.

The stem form and growth dynamic in the 42 years old artificial Scotch pine stands of various density are investigated. These stands are planted on the drained swamp with use of fertilisers in mid-taiga subzone of Karelia. On each sample plot ordinary stand measurement was made and on 10 sample trees stem diameters at relative heights (up to 0,8H) was measured using theodolite 2T30 which mean square mistake (30") provides the diameter measurement accuracy up to 2 mm. For more detailed growth assessment dynamics from each sample tree cores by Pressler's drill at the height of 1.3 m were taken. At the time of research on the plot with planting density of 1 thous/ha was similar to initial, and in other plots the density was reduced twice. The main distinctions between plots are reached in the first 20 years of growth after planting. After that year rings width in all stands of experience was practically equal and after 30 years was stabilized at the level of 1 mm. Calculation of stem form coefficients showed statistically reliable distinctions between plots with minimum and maximum density only for the coefficients of q2 and q3 characterizing the middle and the top stem parts. For more detailed research of stem form dependence of absolute and relative diameters on relative height was approximated using polynoms of 6 and 5 degrees. The determination coefficients of the received regression equations R2=0,94- 0,96. The substitution in these equations of identical values of height (17 m) and diameter at the breast height (20 cm) showed that stem volume in the stands with initial density 2 and 4 thous/ha is 7 and 12% higher in comparison with the plot of rare planting and 18–25% above in comparison with the assortment tables accepted for the region. The received results give the serious grounds for correction of regulatory base of an assessment of cut-down stands.

This article contains information about herbarium specimens of gymnosperms from the herbarium collection of the Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia (HERZ). The considered materials belong to the historical part of the herbarium and are mostly dated to the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century. The article provides information about the collection sites for herbarium specimens available in the collection (mostly – with the territory of modern Russia and Ukraine; however, some specimens were brought from foreign countries: Switzerland, the Republic of Korea, Japan). Information is provided on the systematic position of the specimens (most representatives belong to the class Pinopsida), as well as on the scientists-collectors who collected and identified the plants. As a result of the study, 6 herbarium specimens of gymnosperms marked "dupla" were found, collected during the expeditions of the Resettlement Administration. In addition to research, a brief description of the measures for the inventory and systematization of the available samples of gymnosperms is given. The article also provides comparative information on the state of similar herbarium collections of other higher educational institutions of the Russian Federation.

The article presents the constraining factors that limit the increase in the efficiency of logging production by modern multi-operation machines operating on the Scandinavian cut-to-length technology in the felling phase, namely the selection and registration of wood species. The factors for creating a complete architecture of a fully connected neural network are given, the dependence of the prediction accuracy of a fully connected neural network on a test sample on the size of the training data set, an image of the dependence of the prediction accuracy on the number of trees in the random forest method for image classification is shown. Classifiers for the problem of determining the species of a tree trunk from an image based on the methods of a fully connected neural network and random forest have been studied. The considered classifiers are written in the Python programming language using the tensorflow library. The PyCharm Community cross-platform integrated development environment was used to write the code. For fully connected neural networks, a sufficient number of images and a test sample size were established for training, using tree trunk breed class labels as target values. As a result of the research, the required number of images was determined for training fully connected neural networks when using tree trunk breed class labels with high prediction accuracy as target values. Dependences of the prediction accuracy of a fully connected neural network on a test set on the size of the training data set are constructed.

The paper discusses the methods for finding logging roads in space and the rationale for choosing the most effective method for specific conditions. Modern highways in general and logging roads in particular are characterized by a complex of engineering structures, where the most important are curved sections, which largely determine the level of technical and economic indicators and traffic safety. The most complex of these structures are interchanges at different levels. Among other elements of transport interchanges, loop-like and straight left-turn ramps, characterized by a complex combination of horizontal and vertical curves, are subject to breakdown. As a vertical curve, a square parabola is most often used here, horizontal curves are circular curves, clothoids, biclotoids, lemniscants, and braking curves that best meet the real conditions of movement at forest turning ramps. Braking curves serve to mitigate the effect of centrifugal force on a car moving with a smooth deceleration, moving from a straight section to a curve, or with acceleration, leaving a straight line. Braking curves are used in the practice of road construction. Despite this, they are not yet sufficiently studied and described in the specialized literature. Calculation formulas for designing and splitting brake transient curves require significant changes and additions in order to more smoothly fit the car into the curve and improve traffic safety. Of interest are flat spatial roundings, which are the embodiment of a progressive mutual consistency of the plan and profile of the road route, favorably affecting the visibility conditions and the overall visual perception of the road. These sections are formed by connecting the horizontal and vertical curves into a single plane-spatial curve. The breakdown of such roundings is unproductively divided into vertical and horizontal. It is obvious that the new progressive design methodology requires new, more advanced methods of layout work.

The article presents the topical question regarding the application of modern polymer composites to create new demanded products on their basis. The technology of the described composites consists in impregnation of reinforcing fibrous glass material, which is achieved by uniform distribution of polymeric epoxy binder on the fibrous base. The article analyzes two objects of research, which are prepregs and plastic skis. The impact assessment of time and storage conditions of prepregs on its technological properties based on the developed binder has been evaluated. Prepregs with different periods of storage were used for the bonding of experimental skis, their mechanical properties were analyzed. To assess the properties of prepregs, we used methods that include the study of changes in unit weight, binder content, volatile product content and degree of polymerization. The properties were studied throughout the experiment – over 90 days. Ski properties were evaluated according to GOST 30199–94, GOST 17043–90 and GOST 30045–93 by the following indicators: ski weight, ski slope, position of the ski center of gravity, rigidity and bending strength, residual deflection, rigidity of the front and rear parts of the ski, fatigue under cyclic loading. The main characteristics of the skis were studied immediately after bonding. It was found that the indicators selected to confirm the manufacturability of prepregs allowed to adequately assess their «survivability». Based on the results of the work, conclusions were made about the use of prepregs for their intended purpose while observing the storage conditions without compromising the quality of modern plastic skis.

The processing of blanks and parts made of wood and wood materials with abrasive tools are the most difficult process in terms of description and modeling. The patterns of wear of an abrasive tool are directly related to the work of individual abrasive grains. The wear mechanism is based on the phenomena of adhesion, diffusion, abrasive destruction, plastic flow of the thinnest surface layers softened under the action of high contact temperatures and pressures, chemical impact on the abrasive of the environment and the material being processed. Under the action of mechanical and thermal stresses, cracking, chipping of the cutting edges, chipping of individual abrasive grains and entire complexes from the bond occurs. In the course of experimental studies of the process of calibrating–grinding wood materials, it was revealed that in some cases contact damage appears on the surface of the sample, in the form of points, scratches, spots covered with pile. Previously, it was believed that the main defect of mechanical processing by cutting wood materials is the burns of the surface layer, however, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that contact destruction of the surface layers is observed long before the appearance of burns and has a primary effect on the quality of the machined surface. The objective of this study is to explain the mechanism of formation of contact damage by analyzing the process of microcutting wood materials with a single abrasive grain, to determine the cutting conditions that do not allow the appearance of contact damage. In the course of experimental studies of the process Since it is known from experimental studies that the formation of contact fractures is influenced by such regime factors as cutting speed and feed, abrasive grain size, grinding depth and cut thickness, it is necessary to derive a mathematical dependence reflecting the influence of these factors on the quality indicators of the process. Grinding in order to be able to pre-calculate the optimal cutting conditions, preventing the appearance of contact damage on the machined surface.

In the production of cellulose by the natron method from non-wood raw materials small enterprises cannot dispose of black liquor. It is possible to effectively dispose of used cooking solutions in the transition to cooking with KOH solutions instead of NaOH and black liquor to use as an organomineral fertilizer. The goal of the study was to obtain cellulose from wheat straw with potassium hydroxide solutions under various cooking conditions and to evaluate the possibility of using spent cooking solutions as an organomineral fertilizer. Cooking was carried out under the conditions: hydromodule 8:1; consumption of alkali in units. K₂O and Na₂О – 10–16% of absolutely dry raw materials; temperature rise 60 min; cooking at 160 C – 60 min. When cooking with KOH solutions, the impregnation stage was carried out and studied. Solutions for irrigation with specified concentrations were prepared from the spent black liquor from cooking wheat straw with a consumption of 14%. Additional impregnation makes it possible to obtain potassium cellulose comparable to sodium in terms of the mass fraction of lignin and with a lower ash content. A decrease in the impregnation temperature by 5 C leads to a decrease in the heating temperature of the suspension by 0.4–2.3 C, a reduction in the heating time by 3 times and an acceleration of cooling of the system by an average of 5 times. It was found that KOH solutions promote better removal of SiO₂ from plant raw materials than NaOH solutions under the specified cooking conditions. It was found that the used cooking solution is suitable as an organomineral fertilizer with a concentration of 2.8·10–5 g of suspended solids per liter.

Researches described in this article were carried out in laboratory as part of writing PhD thesis in Engineering Science. The importance and novelty have been confirmed by experienced engineers from leading manufacturers of equipment and advanced technologies in the field of pulp and paper industry. The process of drying paper and board consumes the largest amount of energy in paper and board machines. At the same time, it contributes to remove a small amount of moisture from the material, compared to dewatering on the forming and press sections. Therefore, in order to reduce heat costs, as well as increase the productivity of the paper machine, it seems appropriate to intensify the drying process with minimal energy consumption and maintaining the key technological properties of paper. The goal of the study was to get paper samples of different basis weights, made from industrial sulfate unbleached softwood pulp, refined in laboratory on a conical refiner till defined grinding degrees, then forming and followed by drying at different temperatures. Analysis of the drying temperatures on the structural-dimensional and deformation-strength properties of paper made it possible to identify tendencies that can be used in further scientific researches, as well as directly introduce them into production. Rebuilds intended for reducing energy consumption, as well as optimizing and finetuning the technological modes of paper drying are one of the promising areas for upgrading production lines and increasing the competitiveness of domestic and foreign enterprises in current times.

Quantitative regularities have been established that describe the formation of deformation and strength properties of kraft unbleached pulp from bamboo Bambusa blumeana (Kappa number 17.3) during refining. The properties of the samples were studied on handheets 60 g/m2, made on an Estanit BBS-2 Rapid Ketten sheet former, after refining in a Yokro mill at a concentration of 6% to a refining degree of 20, 30, 40, and 60 SR. Tensile tests were carried out on samples with dimensions of 100 × 15 mm, the tensile rate was 50 mm/min. An analysis of the stress–strain curves showed that the change in the deformation behavior of bamboo pulp during refining is typical for pulp and paper materials. With an increase in the degree of refining, the curves go higher, the stiffness the deformation to failure and the breaking stress are increased. A comparison with hardwood and softwood pulps showed that the behavior of bamboo pulp during refining is similar to traditional pulps from northern woods. It is shown that the values of deformation and strength characteristics of bamboo pulp have lower values. However, the degree of change in the strength characteristics of bamboo as a result of refining is higher than that for softwood and hardwood pulps. The breaking length of bamboo during refining from 20 to 60 SR increases by 50% and approaches in value (8000 m) the values of hardwood and softwood pulp - 8200 m. To the greatest extent shows elongation to break, changes in bamboo pulp growth is 34–66%, and reaches a value of 3.73%, which is higher than that of hardwood (1.79%) and softwood (2.65%) pulp. Unlike hardwood and softwood pulp, when refining bamboo above 50 SR, there is no decrease in strength and elastic properties. At 60 SR, the tensile strength of bamboo pulp approaches that of hardwood and softwood, and the strain at fracture and TEA exceed them. Therefore, to achieve the required level of strength properties of bamboo pulp, refining to a higher degree of refining is required.

Aspen wood was impregnated with water, aqueous solutions of urea and urea with the addition of phosphoric acid. The thermomechanical method was used to study the deformability of wood, and to establish the main temperature transitions. Under hot pressing conditions, water acts not so much as a lytic agent, but mainly as a plasticizer. Carbamide reduces the devitrification temperature by 70 C, starting with transformations associated with the release of ammonia (132 C). The acid interacts with the carbamide and creates a slightly acidic environment, contributing to the strength of the pressed wood. Products were pressed at 160...180 C in two stages with blowing off free water and subsequent heat treatment at 150...180 C. A method of manufacturing pressed modified wood, predominantly parquet, with a density of 600–620 kg/m³ and a bending strength of 120–150 MPa without the use of molds has been patented.

The effectiveness of the bacterial cellulose suspension Komagataeibacter (Gluconacetobacter) rhaeticus in the restoration of documents on paper using the aerodynamic method is shown. One of the problems in document restoration on paper using the method of replacing lost parts of a document is the strength of the seam between the document to be restored and the replacing part. To increase the strength of the seam the document is treated with binders – solutions of sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose or starch on the contour of the loss. In this study, a suspension of bacterial cellulose Komagataeibacter (Gluconacetobacter) rhaeticus was used as a binder for the restoration by aerodynamic molding. In order to create a strong bonding seam between the restored document and the replenishing fibrous layer, a suspension of bacterial cellulose with a concentration of 1.0 ± 0.1 wt. %, previously prepared in a disintegrator, was applied along the contour of the lost document. The use of bacterial cellulose as a binder in the aerodynamic method of restoration led to an increase in the strength of the formed seam by 1.5-2.0 times compared to the use of starch solutions and sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose as a binder. Artificial heat-moist aging of the document after restoration for 12 days showed that the suture strength decreased after the first three days of aging by 32% and then stabilized. This makes it possible to predict good preservation of the restored document during further archival storage and use. With the help of «Vestigium» software designed to study the monuments of writing by analyzing their digital images, it is shown that the relief of the document sheets surface after restoration becomes smoother, which reduces the possibility of deep penetration of dust into the sheet structure and increases the life of the document.

It is usually impossible to obtain an exact solution of a nonlinear integral equation. The numerical solution of such equations is associated with significant difficulties. If a function that is a solution to a nonlinear equation depends on a large number of variables, then the complexity of the methods associated with the approximate replacement of the integral by the sum turns out to be very large. In the linear case this difficulty also occurs and is overcome in many cases by using the Monte Carlo method. To solve an integral equation with polynomial nonlinearity, a vector estimate is proposed constructed on realizations of a homogeneous branching Markov process. The advisability of using the proposed estimate is examined. The proposed estimate is based on the integration of part of the variables. Since such integration can only reduce the variance, the variance of the vector estimate will always be no more than the variance of the estimate proposed by the author earlier. In addition, the majorant conditions for the vector estimate are weaker than for the usual estimate. Using the example of quadratic nonlinearity, it is shown that performing summation to complete constructing a tree leads to a large amount of computation. Therefore, you must first construct a tree, and then perform the summation, starting with the absorption points on the trajectory. If we start from the beginning of the trajectory, then the memory required to memorize intermediate results will increase exponentially with an increase in the number of particles. Thus, it is impractical to perform calculations in direct order. The above reasoning is obviously true in the case of an equation of a higher degree. The results obtained expand the Monte Carlo method for solving a special class of problems.