The article is devoted to topical studies of the state and growth patterns of the main tree species (62-year-old squat elm and lanceolate ash) used in protective afforestation of the dry-steppe and semi-desert zones of the Russian Federation. The authors presented an analytical review, according to which the improvement of the soil water regime has a positive effect on growth, increasing the resistance of forest strips to diseases (where graphiosis is the main reason constraining the widespread use of elm) and pests. The purpose of the research was to establish the growth patterns of squat elm and lanceolate ash in the protective forest strips of the irrigated dry-steppe Volga region located along the perimeter of the irrigated area. The research was based on the experience on 4 trial sites of forest strips, placed depending on their distance from the irrigation canal, where due to the deterioration of the lining, significant water losses are observed for filtration through the bottom and walls of the canal and affecting the growth and development of tree species. The plantings were studied by forest taxation methods according to OST 56-69-83, the VNIALMI methodology and the textbook of the St. Petersburg Forestry University. Individual taxation indicators were studied according to K.K. Vysotsky, S.S. Pyatnitsky. Experiments have revealed the outstripping growth of elm and ash in forest strips as they approach the irrigation canal. At a distance of 50 and 150 m from the canal, the root-accessible soil moisture reserves, over the long-term study period, amounted to 75-70% of the lowest moisture capacity (HB), respectively 750 and 1300 m - 55-50%, with a wilting humidity value of 48% HB. The decrease in soil moisture is the result of less water intake with filtration losses from the irrigation channel in the form of a headwater. Depending on the distance to the canal, the growth intensity index of elm is lower than that of ash by up to 59.5%, and the productivity of cambial tissue is higher by up to 26.5%. The bonus of elm and ash is ahead by a class or more when approaching the forest strip to the channel. With the improvement of water nutrition, the absence of graphiosis was noted in the elm. The coefficients of determination of the relationship between the height of elm and ash growing in forest strips from the indicators of age, growth intensity, productivity of cambium were 0.96-0.97, which indicates a close relationship. The authors recommend using squat elm and lanceolate ash (as the main species) in protective forest plantations of the dry steppe zone, especially on irrigated lands in the following mixing scheme: Yal-Vp-Vp-Yal - instead of the existing one: Vp-Yal-Vp-Yal-Vp-Yal.

For the conditions of cutting areas with excessive soil moisture, it is important to determine the possibilities of protecting them with a brush mats of felling residues on strip roads when felling low-bonity tree stands. This is necessary to adjust the technological parameters of the development of cutting areas in the northern taiga subzone (Arkhangelsk region) due to the vulnerability of the soil and vegetation cover. Within the boundaries of the cutting area, which was developed by a complex of logging machinery, we selected plots with 4 forwarder passages loaded with 20 m³ of spruce and birch assortments. The initial area of the forest was represented by blueberry spruce of the V class of bonitet, the stand composition was 80 percent represented by spruce, 20 percent by birch, and pine was a single, growing on soils with binomial deposits (the top of the profile is sandy loam, the bottom is silty clay). We conducted a detailed study of the structure of the ruts, opened the soil and made a description of the horizons / soil layers, determined the moisture, penetration resistance and bulk density in the thickness of 0-20 cm. As a control, we selected similar samples at the cutting strips. The laboratory determined the particle density and calculated the total porosity and porosity of aeration. It was found that the use of felling residues in the amount of 0.008 m³/m², which is typical for this forest type, with a minimum number of vehicle passes does not exclude the negative consequences of damage to the soil and vegetation cover, but is able to minimize them. First of all, this excludes the formation of ruts in the places where loaded vehicles passed. The negative impact is manifested in the compaction of the forest floor, however, a brush mats of felling residues protects the 20-cm - thickness of the soil from compaction and disturbance of the water-air regime, compared with the ruts on strip roads without felling residues. With a larger number of vehicle passes, the available thickness of the felling residues may not be enough, and the damage may be higher.

It was found that the CVP and HTC indices, which determine the potential productivity of vegetation cover, including forests, in the studied area, have high annual variability for all the considered districts. The average coefficients of variation of the CVP and HTC indices are 38.5 and 48.4%, respectively. The study of changes in indices over the years showed the presence of a linear trend towards their increase over the period under study. The tendency to increase the CVP index is more pronounced. The graphs of index changes showed the presence of significant random fluctuations (deviations) of indices from trends. The random nature of the fluctuations was verified using a median test. To calculate the potential growth of forests based on the literature data, an equation was obtained for the relationship between the growth rate and the CVP index with a high coefficient of determination equal to 94.5%. Using this equation, calculations of the potential growth of wood volume for all areas in the study area were carried out. Calculations have shown that as a result of the high variability of the CVP and HTC indices over the years of the studied period (1995-2021), the potential productivity of forests in the studied area is on average 0.7 m³/ha-year. In favorable years, the maximum growth values can reach 1.5 m³/ha-year, and in unfavorable years, the increase can fall to zero, thus putting woody vegetation on the brink of survival. A direct proportional relationship has been established between the values of the CVP and HTC indices with a determination coefficient of 86.0% for the studied territory, which allows using one index instead of the other if necessary. In general, the hydrothermal conditions for forest growth in the Erbil region area should be assessed as unfavorable.

The condition of oak forests of the Middle Volga region has been deteriorating for many decades. The biological stability, productivity and quality of oak plantations are decreasing due to the significant impact of a complex of unfavorable natural and climatic factors (frost, drought, pests, wild animals, etc.), as well as the consequences of insufficiently effective economic activity. This paper presents the materials and results of the research under the State Assignment of Rosleskhoz, carried out in 2018-2021 by the branch of the All-Russian Research Institute of Forestry and Mechanization of Forestry (FBU VNIILM) «East European Forest Experimental Station». The aim of the study was to identify effective and develop innovative and improved technologies in the process of reforestation oak stands, thinning, protection from pests, wild animals and fires for growing high-quality and sustainable oak stands in the Middle Volga region. The paper presents experimental and production objects (26 in total with a total area of 177.4 hectares) with plantations of oak trees of artificial and natural origin at the age of 21-37 years, created in the period 1983-1999 and formed under the guidance of the station staff on clearcuts and on the sites of reconstruction of dead oak trees using different methods and technologies of reforestation and care of oak trees on the territory of the Republics of Chuvashia and Tatarstan. The results of the research are innovative and improved technologies and methods of forest management in oak forests, as well as recommendations for use in the forests of the Middle Volga region.

Important for bumblebees of the genus Bombus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), as anthophilic insects with a prolonged family life period, is the formation of such a phenological calendar that allows bumblebees of various species and inhabitants of various ecotopes to adapt to the trophic use of plants growing there. The analysis of long-term series of phenological observations showed that the earliest fixed date of departure of bumblebees for the Leningrad province during the observation period from 1925 to 2023 was April 3 (Tosnensky district), the latest was May 26 (Podporozhsky district). The average departure dates was in the range from April 22 to May 11. The latest departures at the observation points were recorded in the period from May 5 to May 26. The interval between the earliest and the latest departure time of bumblebees at different observation points varied from 14 to 40 days. The average value of this interval was 29.67 days. A high and average level of dependence of the timing of the release of bumblebees from the winter diapause is shown for the latitudinal characteristic (boreal) of the habitat, the influence of the longitude characteristic (continentality) of the habitat has for the most part a weak level of influence on the timing of the departure of overwintered female bumblebees. The average level of dependence on longitude is marked only by the average departure time (r = 0.529, p = 0.615). The dependence of the departure time on the altitude of the terrain above sea level has not been revealed.

Experimental complex felling was carried out in pine forests of different ages in 1984, 17 years after the construction of canals on the upland peat bog. The old-growth part of the stand was removed, and thinning was carried out in the young part. In the year of felling, pine undergrowth was available in all areas in the amount of 7-10 thousand specimens per hectare. Over the next 15 years (by 1999) the amount of pine undergrowth decreased to 0.2-3.3 thousand ind. per hectare. Apparently, the main reason was the increased competition for light and soil nutrients from the intensively growing stand. Birch undergrowth was formed in 15 years after felling in all areas in the amount of 0.4-4 thousand specimens per hectare. After another 15 years (2014), the density of birch in most areas increased to 2-5 thousand ind./ha, and by now (2023) this amount has not changed much. Thus, it is confirmed that the young generation of birch is better adapted to new conditions on drained objects compared to pine. There is more birch undergrowth near the canals, where the light and nutritional regime is better. In the year of felling, spruce undergrowth was found sporadically. By 1999, the density of spruce undergrowth in some areas was 0.1-0.4 thousand specimens per hectare, and in the future it almost did not increase. Despite the extremely small amount of spruce undergrowth and its uneven distribution over the area, over the past 15-25 years there has been practically no loss of it.

The results of 50-year trials of different larch species in provenance trials of Lomonosov forestry of the Leningrad Region are presented. The site has now preserved seed progenies of 14 climatypes with the following species affiliation: Larix decidua Mill., L. archangelica Laws., L. sibirica Ledeb., L. dahurica Laws., L. amurensis Kolesn. ex Dylis, L. kamtschatica (Rupr.) Carriere, L. komarovii Kolesn. and L. principis-rupprechtii Mayr. Preservation, condition, growth of progenies were evaluated and their generative features were noted. Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that the progeny of Larix principis-rupprechtii originating from the northern part of the Sakhalin region is the leader in terms of survival (33%), productivity (352 m³/ha) and reproductive capacity. The second and third ranks are occupied, respectively, by progeny originating from Chelyabinsk (L. archangelica, L. sibirica and their hybrid forms) and Chita (L. dahurica) regions. Single individuals remained in the progenies of L. decidua from the Republic of Latvia and L. sibirica from Krasnoyarsk Krai. When introducing larch to the Leningrad Region, it is important to take into account the peculiarities of the geographical origin of climatypes. The remoteness of seed collection sites from the area of use in the «West-East» direction is not of great importance, but in the «north-south» direction, a difference of more than 4° in the «North» direction and 6-8° in the «South» direction is not recommended. Altitude, heat and moisture are very important.

The Eliseeva-Fomina estate is a unique example of manor architecture in the Leningrad region with a pronounced Art Nouveau aesthetics of the first - early second decade of the XX century, acting in its stylistic characteristics as a symbol of the new time, as an embodiment of social change. In the historical perspective it was a country estate complex, linked to the natural landscape and having a sufficiently developed planning structure and a variety of auxiliary and household buildings. The manor house and the church have been preserved to this day. These buildings are unique in their architecture, are in the spirit of the early XX century, have bright signs of style. The main house of the manor house is currently being restored by the new owner and requires further conservation work. The remaining park area of the estate needs restoration. The analysis of archive plans and field survey of the territory revealed that the successive planning structure of the manor complex has been preserved well enough and can be seen on the ground. The surrounding landscape of the manor house is not well preserved, but it requires maintenance, as not everywhere alleys along the roads have been preserved and some areas are overgrown. It is still possible to take measures to preserve the perception of the ensemble and its objects in a characteristic and authentic historical environment, to preserve the spirit of the place of a country estate of St. Petersburg province of the early XX century. The combination of unique natural conditions of the coastal zone of the Oredezh River, preserved park plantings and monuments of architecture and history could make the Belogorka estate-park complex an attractive place for recreation and excursions.

Materials are presented on assessing the quantitative characteristics of the main species of useful plants in highly productive spruce forests of the Okhtinsky district forestry of the Scientific and Experimental Forestry of the Leningrad region. The species composition, occurrence, projective cover and phytomass of plants of raw material importance have been established. It has been shown that, depending on the characteristics of the dominant and the edifier, the species composition and quantitative characteristics of raw plants in the living ground cover differ significantly. The density of the forest stand and the density of the crowns are the main factors on which the species composition, occurrence, projective cover and phytomass of plants in the living ground cover depend. With a crown closure of 89% and a stand density of about 1.1 thousand /ha, 14 species of vascular plants were recorded under the canopy of the sour spruce, and with a crown closure of 73% and a stand density of 745 specimens /ha - 25 species. Several species of mosses belonging to the class of leaf-stem mosses - dicranums, Schreber moss, rhytidiums, cuckoo flax - were identified in the composition of the moss-lichen layer at both the first and second experimental sites. The raw material value is 12 species under the canopy of dense spruce and 20 species under the canopy of sparse spruce. According to the magnitude of occurrence and projective cover, the predominant species include sourdough, mayberry, and buckthorn. The phytomass is dominated by green mosses and thistles. The obtained results can be used to replenish the database on raw plants and species diversity of indigenous spruce forests of the taiga zone of the European part of Russia. The purpose of the study is to assess potential raw materials in highly productive spruce forests.

In the physical model, the role of the velocity at which energy propagates in a continuous medium is analyzed in the process of thermal conductivity. Based on the general definition of the energy density vector, the basic definition of the heat flux density vector is given and a formula is derived for determining the volumetric energy density transferred due to thermal conductivity. For the general case, a formula is derived for calculating the distribution of the local surface heat flux density on an arbitrary surface belonging to a body with a known field of the heat flux density vector.

In modern forestry, which emphasizes the sustainable use of resources, the key is the introduction of information technologies that provide accurate assessment of forest resources to ensure effective management, harvesting and processing. The research focuses on developing a tree trunk recognition method using modern technological solutions. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has significantly transformed approaches to measuring and analyzing physical objects, offering methods to automate the estimation of tree size and characteristics with increased accuracy and efficiency. The study emphasizes that optimal conditions for carrying out measurements using specialized technical means involve low tree density and the absence of abundant undergrowth and shrubs. The analysis shows that the integration of AI algorithms into data collection and analysis processes provides high measurement accuracy and reliability comparable to traditional manual methods, thus demonstrating its potential for practical application. The work identifies the problem of identifying individual trees when they are densely located, when the system may mistakenly perceive several trunks as a single object, which interferes with the accurate measurement of diameters. To further improve the accuracy and reliability of measurements, it is recommended to use unmanned aerial vehicles to collect visual data from different angles, develop and optimize AI algorithms, and conduct research on an expanded volume of data, which will help adapt AI technologies to the diverse conditions of forest ecosystems.

A dynamic model of the "operator-feller-buncher machine-object of labor-tree" has been developed. The mathematical description is in the form of the Lagrange equation of the second kind. The system of equations is solved for the elastic deformation of the operator's seat back by the Runge-Kutta method, using the MathCAD programming environment. Approbation of the model was carried out on the example of commercially available feller-bunchers machines LP-19A.

The article is devoted to substantiate the need for high-quality final logging operations as an element of logging technology in the context of their impact on forest ecology and reforestation, as well as to analyze the practice of final logging operations in the conditions of forestry in the North-West of the Russian Federation. The current regulatory documents in the field of forestry and the forest industry clearly define the need for final logging operations, including clearing of cutting areas. Nevertheless, both in the scientific community and among practitioners in the field of forestry and the forest industry, there is no consensus on the need for clearing logging sites. The existence of different opinions, both in the scientific community and among practitioners in the field of forestry and the forest industry, regarding the necessity and technological features of final logging operations, including clearing of cutting areas, determines the need for further scientific research on this topic. When determining the direction of further scientific research regarding the final logging operations as part of measures to protect wildlife and their habitat and integrate such measures into the system of logging production technologies, we consider it possible to classify a number of methods of clearing cutting areas as biotechnical methods of clearing cutting areas. These are, for example, such methods of clearing cutting areas as collecting felling residues in heaps and shafts, leaving them in place for rotting and for feeding wild animals in winter. Compliance with the requirements for timely and high-quality clearing of cutting areas will significantly reduce the cost of reforestation by about 10-15%.

The article provides an analysis of the vibration frequency of a vertically held tree of different heights on a vibrating suspension, which makes it possible to determine the conditions under which a vertical tree will retain its stability. Mechanical systems in the form of mathematical and physical inverted pendulums were considered. In the calculation, with maximum idealization, the entire mass of a vertically held tree was concentrated at its center of gravity. In the calculation based on a physical pendulum, in the first case, the idealization of the tree was carried out in the form of a uniform distribution of the mass of the trunk and top of the tree along the height; in the second case, a system with a known moment of inertia of the tree when felling relative to its cut was considered. The analysis showed that the most optimal values of the oscillation frequency of trees of different heights are found in a system based on a physical pendulum with a known moment of inertia relative to the cut. For example, for trees with a height of 6 to 18 m with a maximum amplitude of oscillations of 0.4, the values of the minimum required oscillations vary from 12.2 Hz to 21.2 Hz, which is 21% less than the calculation values based on a physical pendulum in the form of a homogeneous rod or 26% less than the calculation values of the system based on a mathematical pendulum. Also, the obtained graphs of the vibration frequency show that with an amplitude of vibration starting from 0.4 m and above, the difference in the vibration frequency of trees of different heights becomes minimal, and it becomes possible to select in practice vibration drive elements for trees of different parameters.

The construction of logging roads should ensure standard quality indicators of road pavements at a minimum cost of work. Traditionally, road pavements are made from inert materials - crushed stone and sand. The difficult natural conditions of the forest zone and high transport loads require the use of significant volumes of inert materials, while the costs of their transportation significantly increase the total cost of the work. An effective technology in the conditions of a forest zone is the construction of road pavements from fiber cement soil, obtained by mixing local natural soil with the addition of Portland cement, fiber fiber and water. In comparison with the volumes of use of inert materials, the content of additives in the composition of fiber cement-soil mixtures is insignificant, which is an advantage for reducing transport costs and the cost of work in general. To assess the technical and economic efficiency, the design parameters and volumes of work for the construction of two equal-strength road pavements: from fiber cement soil and from inert materials (crushed stone and sand), a logging highway of category III, with a length of 1 km, were calculated. Calculations have been made and response surfaces have been compiled for the estimated cost of constructing these road pavement structures depending on the different transportation distances of the road building materials used. Based on the research results, it was determined that the parameters of the transport and logistics scheme for the delivery of materials significantly affect transport costs and the total estimated cost of construction. With an average hauling distance of up to 30 km, the estimated cost of installing fiber cement-soil road pavements is almost the same compared to using inert materials. When the distance for transporting road building materials increases to more than 30 km, the use of fiber cement-soil road pavements is cost-effective, relative to equal-strength structures made of crushed stone and sand. Nomograms have been developed for determining the cost of work on the construction of road pavements depending on the distance of transportation of road-building materials for the rapid assessment of the technical and economic efficiency of the construction of logging roads from fiber cement soil.

The article are presents materials on the control features of the manipulators of the feller buncher LP-19 and John Deere 800M series. These machines are equipped with special devices - felling heads with a milling cutter and a storage device. A feature of the operation of machines with such attachments is the need to control the position of the cutter during the process of cutting trees. For the most efficient work, the operator needs to guide the cutter parallel to the ground, with a slight deviation towards itself. Since the drive allows you to cut several trees one by one, it is not convenient for the operator to control the position of the felling head stand, boom and handle. For this, the feller buncher LP-19 was equipped with a divertor - a device that connects the hydraulic cylinders of the boom and arm in one line. At the same time, the machine operator has the ability to control the plane-parallel movement of the manipulator with one hand, and with the other hand to adjust the tilt of the felling head stand. Management is simplified. Our task is to compare the feller buncher LP-19 and the John Deere 800M series from the point of view of the possibility of using a diverter on the second machine. To do this, we analyzed the kinematic diagram of the manipulators and the location of the hydraulic cylinders. The number of hydraulic cylinders used to drive the boom and arm is taken into account. The order of their work is determined. The volumes of the piston and rod cavities are determined. A method for calculating the kinematics of an articulated manipulator of a feller buncher has been developed. The direct and inverse problem is solved. The conditions for the plane-parallel movement of the felling head with a cutter for the feller buncher LP-19 and John Deere series 800M are determined. A method is proposed for ensuring plane-parallel movement of the felling head with a milling cutter for feller buncher John Deere series 800M.

In the Russian Federation, a significant part of the territory of the forest fund is located on permafrost. Such territories include: the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Komi Republic, the Magadan Region, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, the Murmansk Region, significant territories of Siberia and the Far East. Many of the listed regions have large reserves of ripe and over-mature operational forests, and a significant part of these reserves are located in hard-to-reach places, not only in relation to the development of the road network, but also in terms of the terrain of the local area. Currently, the overwhelming volume of wood harvesting in Russia is produced with the help of modern machine complexes, mainly on the basis of wheeled forest machines. The article presents an assessment of the technological properties of thawing soils under load from the propulsion of a forest machine, which allows a reasonable assessment of one of the aggregate technological properties of various sections of thawing soil arrays - their uniaxial compression strength - under load from the action of a forest machine or a skidding system based on it on slopes near the boundary of the permafrost zone-lots. Effective accounting of the revealed patterns is possible on the basis of the collection and processing of geological data, primarily hydrogeological studies of the physical and mechanical properties and conditions of soils composing the marginal part of the slope surface. 

In the drying parts of boom- and cardboard-making machines, three schemes of arrangement of rotameter blocks of bearing circulation lubrication systems are used. The compact circuit has two rotameter blocks (one on the front and drive sides of the machine). The multi-block scheme distributed among the drive groups of the drying part has 3...4 rotameter blocks in each group of the drying part. The arrangement schemes of rotameter blocks differ in different lengths of small diameter pipes (4-7 mm) of oil supply from rotameters to bearings. The effect of the length and diameter of the oil supply pipes from the rotameters to the bearings on the pump drive power has not been studied. The purpose of the work is to determine the effect of the length of a small diameter pipe from rotameters to bearings on the pump drive power with a compact and distributed among the drive groups of the drying part of the rotameter block layout schemes. A method has been developed and the following technological calculations of oil circulation systems have been performed: flow rate, velocity, kinematic viscosity, dynamic viscosity. Hydraulic calculation of power losses on different sections of small diameter pipes according to the variants of the layout schemes of rotameter blocks is performed. A method has been developed and technological calculations of circulating lubrication systems have been performed. The characteristics of the circulation systems in terms of oil consumption, speed, kinematic and dynamic viscosity of the oil are substantiated. It was found that the reduction in the power loss of the pump drive when the rotameter blocks are arranged in groups along the drive of the drying part is 0.225 kW, and the daily energy consumption is reduced by 5.4 kWh compared to the compact rotameter layout.

The growing consumption of disposable sanitary products (diapers, diapers, sheets, pads) requires the development of science and the production of cellulose materials for their manufacture. Water absorption is one of the most important indicators for sanitary products. The theoretical concepts of the origin, development and management of cellulose hydrophilicity are considered. The mechanisms of water absorption are briefly considered, the main ones are identified - wetting and capillarity. The calculation of the specific water absorption of a cellulose composite made of bleached sulfate cellulose from coniferous wood according to GOST 9571-89 of Arkhangelsk Pulp and Paper Mill JSC was made. It is shown that the water absorption of the cellulose under study is relatively much lower than imported samples, therefore, research in the field of increasing the hydrophilicity of cellulose has high potential and practical significance. The main factors of increasing water absorption are considered - an increase in the hydrophilicity of cellulose due to grinding and the use of different fibers for formation of a cellulose composite. It is shown that the water absorption index to the required level of imported manufacturers 4-5 g/g can be achieved by regulating technological factors.

The production of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), as one of the widely popular products of cellulose processing, from alternative sources of cellulose-containing raw materials is a pressing task today. Industrial hemp is considered as an alternative source of microcrystalline cellulose, which has a number of advantages compared to other plant raw materials, such as a large volume of annual biomass reproduction; low costs for its cultivation; high yield per stem; lignin content is significantly lower compared to wood; simplified delignification. Before cooking, industrial hemp was ground to a size of 10-20 mm. Due to the high content of buds in ground industrial hemp, a multi-stage technological regime for the production of microcrystalline cellulose has been developed. The multi-stage technological regime for the production of microcrystalline cellulose consists of pre-hydrolysis (sodium cooking), peroxide-molybdate delignification, acid hydrolysis and bleaching. Soda cooking, compared to sulfate or sulfite cooking, is environmentally friendly due to the absence of sulfur compounds. Peroxide-molybdate delignification was chosen due to the more complete removal of residual lignin from plant materials. Hydrolysis of the resulting intermediate product with mineral acids is due to the fact that this is the most common and accessible method for producing microcrystalline cellulose. Bleaching is necessary to impart final properties, since the resulting MCC is fine, cream-colored particles. The use of a sulfuric acid solution for the acid hydrolysis of industrial hemp trusts according to the proposed technological scheme for the production of MCC leads to a decrease in the degree of polymerization by 55-60 units than the use of a hydrochloric acid solution with the same technological scheme for the production of MCC. Microcrystalline cellulose from industrial hemp trust, obtained using higher temperatures during soda cooking, under the same conditions at other stages is characterized by lower whiteness, which means that the more optimal technological mode for obtaining MCC from industrial hemp trust is the use of low-temperature soda cooking at the initial stages.

Currently, the main objective of many investment programs for the development of pulp and paper enterprises is both to reduce the level of environmental pollution and to improve the quality of products, including at enterprises that have introduced elements of the best available technologies. Analysis of the results of numerous studies shows that the effectiveness of cellulose technologies for chemical processing and for paper production, as well as the high level and stability of the quality of artificial fibers, paper and cardboard products can be achieved only if the specifics of the processes of structure formation in dispersed systems in which the dispersion medium is water are taken into account. The apparent dualism in the behavior of water was formed under the influence of different points of view on the nature of the bonds in the structure of cellulose fibers and products made from them. In the theoretical foundations of the physico-chemistry of polymers, water is assigned the role of a plasticizer, and in the fundamentals of physico-chemical mechanics, water is considered as a coagulant in a dispersed system. The article discusses the state and prospects of applying the theoretical views of scientific schools of polymer physics and chemistry and physico-chemical mechanics of dispersed systems in the modernization of the pulp and paper and textile industries.

The mechanism of corrosion inhibition of austenitic steels 10X18N10T and 10X17N13M2T in strong acids, as well as the possibility of increasing the anti-corrosive effect of bark extracts by changing the species composition of tree bark, mineral and organic additives have not been sufficiently studied. The aim of the work is a gravimetric and electrochemical study of the effect of temperature and inhibitory compositions based on aqueous extracts of aspen (EKO), spruce (EKE) and pine (EKS) burk on the rate and mechanism of 10X18N10T and 10X17N13M2T steels corrosion in 5% hydrochloric acid. This acid is used with the addition of an inhibitor for washing and chemical cleaning of cooking and heat exchange equipment. New data on the kinetics of acid corrosion of the studied steels are obtained and analyzed, which are necessary to determine the mechanism of inhibition by water-extractive substances of tree bark. It is shown that with the same content of 1 g / l the inhibitory effect of wood bark water-extractive substances on steels acid corrosion increases in a number of EKS <EKE< EKO, with an increase in the concentration of extractive substances to 3,8 g / l and a temperature from 20 to 50 °C, when mixing bark extracts of different types and even stronger when introducing synergists hexamethylenetetramine or potassium iodide into the extracts.

The calculation of technological standards for discharges includes the identification of objects of technological regulation. Objects of technological regulation are part of the object of negative impact and, as a rule, include production chains for the production of commercial products. The main products may include the production of: unbleached and bleached cellulose, paper, cardboard, bleached and unbleached chemical-thermo-mechanical pulp. One of the stages in calculating technological discharge standards integrated by the pulp and paper mill is the determination of the actual masses of pollutant discharges from technological standardization facilities, taking into account wastewater treatment at local and on-site treatment facilities. The paper examines a balance model for the discharge of pollutants after general plant treatment facilities during the production of paper, cardboard and CTMM by an integrated pulp and paper mill. The first object of technological standardization (OTN) (paper production) will be standardized on bleached cellulose, the second OTN (cardboard production) will be standardized on unbleached cellulose, the third OTN (production of CTMM) will be standardized on the production of wood pulp. This calculation can be performed by developing a balance sheet model. The material balance method is used to estimate emissions into the environment from a technological process or a piece of technological equipment and takes into account the quantities of a substance entering and leaving the process, as well as its decomposition in the technological process. The optimal values of technological indicators can be determined using the formulas proposed in the article. Cardboard and paper are a composition of fibrous semi-finished products, therefore, it is necessary to first calculate the technological indicators of discharge for the production of unbleached softwood pulp, bleached softwood pulp, bleached hardwood pulp and, in accordance with the composition, calculate the technological indicators and, in accordance with the efficiency of the treatment facilities, obtain the final values technological indicators. Based on the calculation results, graphs were constructed showing the contribution of each production process to the technological discharge standard.